Term
|
Definition
| An XCEED Canola variety of Brassica juncea canola. Clearfield tolerant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An XCEED Canola variety of Brassica juncea canola. Clearfield tolerant. |
|
|
Term
| Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) |
|
Definition
| Performed breeding programs to create Brassica juncea canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bought Viterra, which includes Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. This was the reason Brassica juncea was an unsuccessful breeding program. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grows chickpeas. Soils are perfect and disease is low. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insect pest in chickpeas. Avoided by planting early so that the crop is mature when they begin to feed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects Brassica juncea canola. Control with seed treatment, fungicide at 20% - 30% bloom, and management |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Permethrin
An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects lentils. One variety of green lentils, and four varieties of red lentils are resistant to race 1 of anthracnose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fludioxinil
A general seed treatment used to control ascochyta blight in chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Palmae family. Oil palms belong to this family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which affects lentils and chickpeas. It can survive the winter on residues and can blow in from neighboring fields.
The main disease of growing lentil plants. Produces lesions on leaves, stems, pods, or seeds, tan or grey with dark margins. Damage occurs during wet weather in July and August. Seeds are discoloured, adn can severely downgrade seeds. Some varieties of green lentils, and four varieties of red lentils are resistant to ascochyta blight. Controlled with fungicides and crop rotations.
Only a few varieties of chickpeas are ranked as having "fair" resistance. Research is being done to improve this. Devastating losses up to 90% in kabuli varieties. A seed and residue-borne pathogen. Causes brown lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. Spores may be washed away by rain, causing mutliple infections in one season. Controlled with cereal buffer strips, rotation, tillage, removal of residues, and/or disease-free proven seeds. Fungicides include Apron Maxx, Crown, Bravo WS, and Heritage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects Brassica juncea canola. Causes deformed bladder-like spots. Was a problem two years ago. Also affects cereals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fifth top producer of lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of kabuli chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Imports 8% of Canadian exports of chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
| Bioexx Specialty Proteins Ltd. |
|
Definition
| The only buyer of Brassica juncea canola in Saskatchewan. Produce high quality protein isolates for export (must be non-GMO). They crush it for oil at lower temperatures to prevent denaturation of proteins. They need Brassica juncea canola because it has lower chlorophyll content than Brassica napus canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects Brassica juncea canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grey mould
A disease which affects lentils, mostly green lentils, and chickpeas. Chickpeas have no resistance. Bad in cool, wet years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brown mustard
Shatter resistant, frost tolerant, heat tolerant, drought tolerant, low-fibre, and has a yellow seed coat and improved protein composition. Used to produce Brassica juncea canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cross of Brassica juncea and Brassica napus. The F1 progeny were back-crossed to Brassica juncea repeatedly, selecting for desired canola traits. Produces canola-quality oil. Has characteristics of a mustard plant: better drought resistance and heat tolerance, less shattering. The seeds are yellow, and the plant is smaller with less canopy. Could expand the range of canol to include brown and dark brown soil zones, and to dry cropping areas in Australia. A product of a 20 year breeding program done by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. The program never came to fruition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Canola
Used to produce Brassica juncea canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clorothalonil
An in-crop fungicide used to control ascochyta blight in chickpeas. Can be applied at flowering and podding. Prevents infection for 10 - 14 days, but cannot help an already infected field. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not a major producer of palm oil, but has the potential to be. Lacks the infrastructure. Pre-occupied with soybeans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insect pest in Brassica juncea canola. Lays eggs in the pods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The top producer of lentils, mostly in Saskatchewan: produced 2 million tons in 2014. The top exporter of lentils, mainly to Turkey and India: exported $873 million. Has been growing lentils for 20 years. First grew chickpeas in the 1990s: grown in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Exports chickpeas to India, the US, China, Turkey, and Bangladesh. |
|
|
Term
| Canada Canola Quality categories |
|
Definition
| Determinse quality in Brassica juncea canola samples. The highest grade (highest price) has less than 2% green seed, 0.1% heated, allowed to have 5% wild or brown mustard, but this last one is hard to assess since the seeds are visually identical. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insecticide used in lentils to control grasshoppers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of desi chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of kabuli chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of kabuli chickpea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of palm oil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to control the spread of ascochyta blight in chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cicer arientium
Garbanzo beans
Pois chicke
Kichar
Chana
Have low dormancy and pod wounding. Large seed size and plant size: 35 - 50 cm tall. Leaves are toothed and have hairs. Flowers are white, pink, or violet, and produce a small, hairy oval-shaped pod that can have up to three seeds. Has hypogeal germination and seed nodes. Growth stages are similar to soybeans. Used for human nutrition in salads, soups, hummus, and to make Besan flour used in snacks and sweets. Beneficial to vegetarians, pregnant women, and celiac patients. Used for livestock feed: may be fed to poultry, cattle, and swine. The third most important legume crop grown worldwide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Imports 10% of Canadian exports of chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wild chickpeas
Developed into chickpeas around 7000 BC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chlorpyrifos
An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms. |
|
|
Term
| Clearfield-herbicide tolerant |
|
Definition
There are two green lentil varieties and four red lentil varieties tolerant of Clearfield herbicides.
Brassica juncea canola varieties 8570 and 8571 are Clearfield-tolerant. Non-GMO and available from Viterra. Favoured in fields with heavy group 2 herbicide residues. Widens the spectrum of weeds which may be controlled with group 2 herbicides, including Clearfield. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Select
Centurion
A herbicide used in lentils and chickpeas. In chickpeas it is used for control of annual grasses at 2 - 6 leaf stage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Imports green lentils from Canada. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are high in fibre, vitamin B folate, iron, and protein. GLuten free. 15% protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are high in carbohydrates and protein. Prevent cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are indeterminate, cool-season plants with long-day growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are a cool-season, dry-land crop adapted to the southern prairies. Resistant to frosts, since they can regrow from scale nodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oil palm prefers humid, tropical locations. Mean annual temperatures above 25ºC, and minimum temperatures above 8ºC. Found in tropical forests. Some recent varieties can tolerate lower temperatures. At least 2000 hours of sunshine are needed per year for maximum growth. Rainfall should be sufficient to prevent water stress at any time in the growing season. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of palm oil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of palm oil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used in oil palm plantations to prevent soil erosion. Often perennial tropical legumes, such as Kudzu. |
|
|
Term
| Crop Development Centre (CDC) |
|
Definition
| At the University of Saskatchewan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbathiin and thiabend-azole. A fungicide used to control seed-borne ascochyta blight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An insect pest in lentils and Brassica juncea canola.
In lentils it damages newly emerged crops, causing significant damage. The plant can recover from the damage, but it delays maturity. Require insecticide applications: Pounce, Perm-UP, Ambush, Lorsban, Pyrinex, Nufos, or Citadel.
In Brassica juncea canola it eats leaves and cuts stems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Indian dish which uses lentils. A lentil paste. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of lentils. Produced in small volumes in Canada and sold to niche markets. There are three main varieties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process used in lentils for human consumption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insecticide used in lentils to contorl lygus bugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An issue in oil palm production. Expansion of oil palm industry has led to deforestation of tropical forests. There are proposals to expand into the Amazon Basin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of chickpea varieties. Smaller, dark-coloured seed with a thickened coat. Higher yield potential, more frost and insect resistant. Used to make flour de-hulled, or used whole. Adapted to dark brown soils. Includes Myles and CDC Desiray desi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Desiccation reduces the time to harvest in lentils, since they continue to flower unless there is heat, drought, or N stress. Reglone or glyphosate are used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A new node is formed on a chickpea plant every 3 - 4 days during vegetative stages. At V1 - V2, flowers on axillary buds may be produced. Can take 45 -55 days to reach flowering. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used as a desiccant in chickpeas at 70% moisture, to avoid green seed, and ensure even maturity. |
|
|
Term
| Direct combining (chickpeas) |
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are more commonly direct combined than they are swathed. |
|
|
Term
| Disease (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea is susceptible to all the same disease as canola and mustard: staghead, sclerotinia, blackleg, alternaria, and aster yellows. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are affected by ascochyta blight, botrytis grey mould, root rot, and sclerotinia white mould. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are affected by ascochyta blight, anthracnose, sclerotinia, botrytis, seedling blight, and root rot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fruit with one seed in the middle, with a fleshy mesocarp and a hard endocarp. Oil palms have drupes from which palm oil and palm kernel oil is produced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of oil palm varieties. Thick shelled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dryland crop used to make pasta. It is grown in rotation with chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of kabuli chickpea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A herbicide used for fall burn-downs in lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hard layer which surrounds the seed(s) of a drupe. In oil palms it surroundes 1 - 3 seeds. Palm kernel oil is derived from the endocarp of the oil palm. |
|
|
Term
| Farmer District Co-Operative Ltd. |
|
Definition
| A company which provides contracts for growing chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
| Fertility (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola has fertility needs similar to mustard or canola. Depends on soil conditions and weather. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test the soil to determine fertility needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test the soil for nutrients, and apply as needed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insect pest in Brassica juncea canola. Produces "shot-blasted" look to leaves, with holes. A purple or black ring develops around the holes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In lentils, caused by high temperatures during flowering. Avoid by planting as early as possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of lentils. Produced in small volumes in Canada and sold to niche markets. There are three main varieties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The leaves of an oil palm. Produced at a rate of 24 per year. There are 40 - 50 in the crown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to control ascochyta blight in lentils. Allow it to dry after application before inoculating: it can kill inoculants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A herbicide used for pre-harvest burn-down in lentils. Can be used as a desiccant in lentils, providing drying effect if weather is hot and dry enough.
Used for pre-planting burn-down in chickpeas. Used as a deisccant in chickpeas at 70% moisture, to avoid green seed, and ensure even maturity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A herbicide used for fall burn-downs in lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of rhizobium inoculant used in chickpeas. Banded in with the seed furrow at planting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An insect pest in lentils and chickpeas.
In lentils they eat the flower buds, flowers and developing pods. Results in increased moisture, staining, and fungual damage due to premature pod-splitting. Threshold level = 2/m2. Controlled when grasshoppers are young, and require less insecticides: Pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates are used.
In chickpeas they can cause significant damage, but this is rare. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of lentils. The most predominant type grown in Canada. Canada exports green lentils to Western Europe and Columbia. Plants are taller, and more susceptible to lodging, and more susceptible to botrytis in higher rainfall areas. Cannot be stored as long as red lentils: they become discoloured. Some green varieties are resistant to ascochyta blight, there are two Clearfield herbicide tolerant varieties, adn one race 1 anthracnose resistance variety. |
|
|
Term
| Harvest (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Direct cutting is used to harvest Brassica juncea canola, never swathing. They are more shatter resistant than canola. Swathing is done only if there is heavy weed infestation, or in high humidity areas. At 9.5% moisture. All seeds have changed colour (plant may still be green). The reel is high up. Threshing is easy. Seal all small holes in the combine. A lower fan speed is used to ensure all seeds get in the combine. Harvesting too late increases shattering loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are usually harvested in September, before first frost. Harvested at 18% moisture: stiff stems, pods several inches above the ground, pods are light-brown colour. Typically the plant is still green. Sensitive to frost at maturity. Easier to straight combine than other pulses. Due to its odd shape, chickpeas are often harvested using headers with air or pick-up reels. Draper headers are becoming more common: use conveyers instead of augers. Swathed or direct combined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are harvested at the end of August. The cutter bar is close to the ground. Easier to harvest if the field was rolled. Slower speeds are required compared to cereal crops. Desiccation reduces the time to harvest. Swathed or straight cut. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oil palm is first harvested 3 - 4 years after establishment. The plants produce continuously throughout the year, with some productivity fluctuations. Harvest takes place every 2 - 4 weeks, every week at well-established plantations. Older branches produce fruit with more pulp, more loose fruit, and more free fatty acids: it is critical to time harvest to maximize yield and quality. Hand harvested: climbing of the tree, using a pole saw, or a bucket truck. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Azoxystrabin
An in-crop fungicide used to control ascochyta blight. Can be applied at flowering and podding. Some strains of the blight are resistant to this fungicide due to overuse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cotyledons remain below the ground. Chickpeas have hypogeal germination. |
|
|
Term
| Identity-Preserved process (IP) |
|
Definition
| The crop is kept separate from any other crop, ensuring purity. Almost all Brassica juncea canola is produced this way, because the seed looks exactly like mustard seed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The top consumer of lentils. The second top producer of lentils. A main importer of Canadian lentils. Lentils are used to make dahl. Red lentils are preferred for cultural reasons. Imports 27% of Canadian exports of chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of palm oil: surpassed Malaysia in 2007. Palm oil accounts for 30% of the GDP of Indonesia. Indonesia and Malaysia produce 80% of the world's palm oil. |
|
|
Term
| Insects (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola is affected by similar insects as canola or mustard: flea beetles, cabbage seedpod weevil, cutworms, lygus bugs, and swede midge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are not greatly threatened by insects. Affected by grasshoppers, alfalfa loopers, pale western cutworm, and redbacked cutworm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are affected by grasshopppers, cutworms, and lygus bugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth response to irrigation in oil palm is substantial if the season is dry, or if the water-holding capacity of the soil is insufficient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of chickpea variety. Larger, cream-coloured seed with a thin coat. 110 - 120 days to maturity. Used to make hummus, and for fresh markets. Adapted to brown soils. Seed colour is the most important quality factor: consumers prefer a very light brown colour. Includes Sanford, Dwelley, B-90, CDC Yuma, and CDC Xena kabuli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A weed in Brassica juncea canola. A group of weeds tolerant to group 2 herbicides. Kochia is not easily controlled even in Clearfield tolerant varieties. Fields with kochia history should be avoided with Brassica juncea canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A perennial tropical legume used as a cover crop on oil palm plantations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Release of large green lentil varieties contributed to the rapid expansion of lentils in Canada. Most varieties belong to this category. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A size category of lentils. Require earlier seeding, since they have later maturation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lenus culinaris L.
A 20 - 75 cm tall crop with shallow roots, 2 feet deep. 2.8 - 4.02 million tons of lentils were produced worldwide 2000 - 2007. By 2015, it was 5 million tons. Has two scale nodes, and leaves develop at the 3rd node. Leaves are 5 cm in length, with 9 - 15 leaflets per leaf. Have indeterminate growth and flower until they experience stress. 1 - 3 self-pollinating flowers form on a stalk, producing a 2.5 cm long pod containing 1 - 2 seeds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where trials for Brassica juncea canola were performed. Yielded almost 6% better than Brassica napus during hot dry years, including 2008. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A herbicide which cannot be used in Brassica juncea canola. Damage is only visible in flowering and pod-fill stages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chlorpyrifos
An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insecticide used in lentils to control lygus bugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An insect pest in lentils and Brassica juncea canola.
For lentils, it is not a significant problem in Canada. Enters the field at bloom stage to feed and lay eggs. Causes chalk spots, reducing quality. Controlled with insecticides: Decis 5 EC TM, Lorsban 4E TM, and Matador 120 EC TM.
In Brassica juncea canola, it sucks juices from pods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oil palm was introduced in 1870, and grown commercially by 1917. Acreage of oil palm hugely expanded in the 1960s. Vegetable oil refineries were expanded and modernized in the 1960s: exports most palm oil in processed forms. Now Malaysia grows about 2 million ha of oil palm: 1/3 of total world oil palm acreage. Malaysia and Indonesia account for 80% of world oil palm production. |
|
|
Term
| Marketing (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Almost all Brassica juncea canola is grown under contract or IP. Bioexx Specialty Proteins Ltd. is the only buyer in Saskatchewan. There are some European and Japanese non-GMO niche markets, and some Canadian non-GMO producers. Quality is determined by Canada Canola Quality categories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpea price depends on quality: penalized for green or brown seed. Current price is $515/ton. Price this year was low because of the wet summer producing low quality chickpeas. AAFC expects the price to increase to $600 - $630/ton in the next growing season due to reduced acreage and yield. Farmer District Co-operative Ltd. and Parrish & Heimbecker Ltd. Provide contracts for chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are 10 times the price of mustard. A list of buyers of lentils is available through the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture in Saskatchewan Special Crop Marketing Company Synopsis. Several companies provide contracts for lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The price of palm oil is $615/ton, about twice as much the price of soybeans per hectare when yield is considered, and there are less annual establishment costs. Produces about $2400/ac*year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lambda cyhalothrin
An insecticide used to control pale western cutworm and redbacked cutworm in chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insecticide used in lentils to control lygus bugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Imports small lentils from Canada. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A size category of lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fleshy layer of a drupe fruit surrounding the seed. In oil palms, palm oil is derived from the mesocarp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A herbicide used in lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process used in lentils for human consumption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separate male and female flowers on the same plant. Oil palms have monoecious flowers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of desi chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sixth top producer of lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of palm oils. |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea require 100/120 lbs/ac of N for 35 bu/ac yield. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas can fix 60% - 80% of their own N needs. Inoculated with rhizobium, which are killed by high temperatures, sunlight, or wind. Includes peat based and granular inoculants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils can fix 70% or more of their own N needs. Seed or soil must be inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum. Soil N levels above 55 kg/ha leads to delayed nodulation. N fertilizers are applied in 2 x 2 bands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chlorpyrifos
An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An XCEED Canola variety of Brassica juncea canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elaeis guineensis Jacq.
A member of the Arecaceae family. Has a crown of 40 - 50 fronds, produced at a rate of 24 per year. Grows for its whole life and can reach 10 m at the age of 30. Produces thousands of primary roots from the base of the stem, which produce lateral roots which often grow upwards to form dense masses of roots near the soil surface. Monoecious flowers pollinated by wind or weevils. Fruits develop from female flowers after 5 - 6 months: a drupe fruit that produces palm oil and palm kernel oil in a 9:1 ratio. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The liquid portion of palm oil. Used to make soaps, detergents, grease, lubricants, PVC plastics, candles, cosmetics, inks, napalm, and biofuels.
Melting point = 20ºC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are not grown in Ontario because of the humidity, and disease problems. Chickpeas are not grown in Ontario because of the soil type and climate: nights are too cold and the soil does not hold heat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insecticides used in lentils to control grasshoppers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas originated in Southeastern Turkey, 7000 BC. Developed from Cicer reticulatem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils originated in Southwestern Asia around 7000 BC. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oil palm originated from Western and Central Africa, near Nigeria. Domestication began prior to African plantation made in the 1910s. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insect pest in chickpeas. Controlled with Matador. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fibre used in some industrial processes and used in livestock feed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Colourless oil derived from the endocarp of the oil palm drupe. Used in processed foods.
48% lauric acid, 16% myristic acid, 8% palmitic acid, 2% stearic acid, 15% oleic acid, 3% linoleic acid, and trace amounts of linolenic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Orange-red oil derived from the mesocarp of the oil palm drupe. Nine times more palm oil is produced per seed than palm kernel oil. The most-produced oil by volume in the world since 2004. It is the fastest growing industry. Development is relatively new, resulting from industrialization of Indonesia and Malaysia in the late 20th century. High prices of palm oil is interfering with the development of biodiesels. it can be refined to produce solid fats without hydrogenation. A major component of many margarines because it lacks trans fatty acids. The liquid portion is olein. Solid at room temperature. Does not ship well raw, must be processed quickly after harvest.
Trace amounts of lauric acid, 1% myristic acid, 44% palmitic acid, 5% stearic acid, 39% oleic acid, 10% linoleic acid, and trace amounts of linolenic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parrish & Heimbecker Ltd. |
|
Definition
| A company which provides contracts for growing chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of rhizobium inoculant used in chickpeas. Applied to the seed with a sticking agent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Permethrin
An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms. |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola require 15 - 25 lbs/ac of P for 35 bu/ac of yield. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas have phosphorus needs similar to peas and lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils need high P levels to develop roots and nodules: 30 - 60 lbs/ac. P fertilizers are side-banded or banded mid-row. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phosphate fertilizers are often plasced in the holes during transplanting of oil palm seedlings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The only hybrid Brassica juncea canola variety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of oil palm varieties. Shell-less. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An oil palm farm. Land is cleared and stumps removed. Grass weeds are eradicated mechanically and/or chemically. Soil is planted in a permanent cover crop. Seedlings are produced in nurseries from vegetative propagation. At 12 months, they are planted in an isometric pattern 160 plants/h = 8 m spacing between plants. Phosphate fertilizers are often used at planting. A weed-free area of 1 m is maintaned around all seedlings, with pathways cleared between rows. Removal of dead, lower leaves, and application of fertilizers is used if there are nutrient deficiencies. |
|
|
Term
| Planting (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola should be planted in a firm, well-packed seedbed for maximum seed to soil contact. Disking, following by harrowing or packing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are planted into a firm, moist seedbed free from weeds. Plant as early as possible; chickpeas are resistant to spring frost. Can plant as soon as soil temperature is 5ºC. Seeds are fragile and must be planted carefully. Damage reduces stand and increases disease. Seeds should be tested for germination, disease, and purity by a laboratory. Do not plant into heavy residue: the ground warms to slowly, and interferes with seed placement. A conventional planter or air seeder is used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High quality lentil seeds. Seeds are susceptible to mechanical damage especially when dry: moisturizing seeds before planting reduces injury. Plant into a firm, weed-free seedbed as early as possible: beginning of May (lentils are resistant to spring frost). Planting early avoids flower blast. Good soil moisture and temperature at planting leads to good nodulation and N fixing: inoculant dies if planted into dry soil. |
|
|
Term
| Potassium (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola need 60 - 120 lbs/ac of potash for 35 bu/ac yield. Usually unnecessary in some parts of Western Canada, because soils are naturally high in potassium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas have potassium needs similar to peas and lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In most areas where lentils are grown, soil K levels are sufficient and fertilizers are unnecessary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Permethrin
An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insecticides used in lentils to control grasshoppers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chlorpyrifos
An insecticide used in lentils to control cutworms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of lentils. Account for more than half the world's lentils. Production in Canada has increased in the past few years. Canada is the world's top exporter of red lentils. Easier to grow than green lentils, and tolerate larger functions in moisture. Seed coats are brown to pale green. Four varieties are resistant to ascochyta blight, and race 1 anthracnose. Four varieties are Clearfield herbicide tolerant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inseciticde pest in chickpeas. Controlled with Matador. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A desiccant used in lentils. Applied when swathing would normally occur, or when 30% of lower pods are tan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rhizobium bacteria which fixes N in lentils. Can die in high temperatures, drying winds, direct sunlight, chlorinated water, or if it is inoculated into dry soil. Sensitive to fertilizers and some fungicides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentil fields are rolled to provide a smooth, level seedbed for harvest, and to prevent wind erosion. Can be done after emergence, up to 5 - 7 node stage, without significant yield loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects lentils and chickpeas. Chickpeas have no resistance. |
|
|
Term
| Rotation (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola is anti-mycorrhizal, and susceptible to group 2 herbicides. It can kill cereal diseases, and is desirable in rotations for this reason. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do not follow chickpeas with chickpeas, or plant chickpeas next to a field where chickpeas have been grown recently, due to ascochyta blight. Do not grow more than once every 4 years. Grown in rotation with cereals such as durum wheat. Do not plant after canola, due to volunteer canola. Canola leaves little residue: planting cereals after harvest is recommended to prevent erosion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rotation is important in lentils to reduce disease. Plant at most every 4 years, never downwind from other lentils. Never mix types of lentils on the same land: contamination with off-types is hard to clean. Do not plant lentils after flax, canola, or mustard, due to volunteer crop. Grow after a cereal crop (wheat or barley); cereal stubble protects the seed from wind erosion. Do not follow with canola, due to volunteer lentils. |
|
|
Term
| Row width (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea can be planted with a seed drill or air seeder in 7.5" rows. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wider spacing in lentils is beneficial in high moisture regions. Too thick of a canopy can lead to poor pod set, foliar disease, and lodging. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of kabuli chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produces 96% of Canada's lentils.
Chickpeas in Canada were first grown in Saskatchewan. Produces 86.9% of Canada's chickpeas. Soils are perfect and diseaes is low. |
|
|
Term
| Saskatchewan Pulse Growers |
|
Definition
| Makes a list of current recommendations for chickpea varieties. |
|
|
Term
| Saskatchewan Special Crop Marketing Company Synopsis |
|
Definition
| Provides a list of lentil buyers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Performed breeding programs to create Brassica juncea canola. A part of Viterra. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in high amounts in tropical oils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first nodes of lentils and chickpea plants. Develop below or at soil level. Allow the plant to survive early frosts or damage to leaves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects lentils, Brassica juncea canola, and chickpeas. Chickpeas have no resistance. It is bad in cool, wet years. |
|
|
Term
| Seeding depth (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola is planted 0.5" deep. |
|
|
Term
| Seeding depth (chickpeas) |
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are planted 3.5 - 6.0 cm deep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are planted 3 - 8 cm deep. |
|
|
Term
| Seeding rate (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola is planted at a rate of 6 kg/ha, compared to 4 - 5 for hybrid canola. Needs more because it is smaller and less vigorous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Desi varieties are planted at 90 - 105 kg/ha.
Kabuli varieties are planted at 135 - 210 kg/ha.
Plant stands of 33 - 44 plants/m2 are needed for weed suppression, even maturation, and increased yields. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are planted 130 plants/m2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects lentils. Can infect seedlings from germination to early flowering. Causes little economic damage, but can lead to reduced plant stand, especially in wet seasons. Controlled with rotation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metribuzin
A herbicide used to control broadleaves before 1 - 3 nodes are above the ground in chickpeas. Causes crop injury after this stage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A size category of lentils. Canada exports small lentils to the Mediterranean. |
|
|
Term
| Soil (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola prefers neutral soil pH, but can tolerate pH from 5.5 - 8.1. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kabuli chickpeas prefer brown soils.
Desi chickpeas prefer dark brown soils.
Chickpeas cannot stand waterlogging, saline soils, or soils which take a long time to warm up in the spring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils prefer pH levles 6 - 8. Cannot tolerate flooding or salinity. Brown or dark brown soils are preferred, but it can be successful in black soil. Stony fields should be avoided or rolled after seeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major producer of palm oil. |
|
|
Term
| Spring tillage (chickpeas) |
|
Definition
| Minimal spring tillage is needed in chickpeas, to maintain soil moisture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White rust
A disease which affects Brassica juncea canola. A fungal disease which does not affect canola or mustard. Lesions on leaves and stems, with deformed heads. No chemical control: control with rotation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Storage (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola is stored the same way as canola: should be below 8% moisture. Harvesting too soon can increase risk of heating in storage. It is important to keep the sample pure, since it is visually identical to mustard. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are stored at 14% in aerated, hopper-bottomed bins. Seed coats have lower moisture than the rest of the seed, and can "sweat", so moisture should be highly monitored. Quality decreases with time. Conveyers rather than augers reduce damage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are stored at 13% - 14% moisture, below 15ºC, in a dark, dry environment. Aeration fans are recommended. Drying temperature should never exceed 45ºC to preserve germination. Green lentils do not store as long as red lentils. Do not mix seeds from successive years: discoloured seed downgrades the entire sample. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of harvesting lentils. When seeds are fully mature, or after desiccation. A combine with a flex header or pick-up reel, and vine lifters are used. |
|
|
Term
| Sulfur (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Brassica juncea canola need 20 lbs/ac S for 35 bu/ac yield. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas have sulfur needs similar to peas and lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some areas in Western Canada where lentils are grown are deficient in sulfur, but this is not a common problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chickpeas are swathed while damp. Reduces shattering. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of harvesting lentils. When 30% of lower pods are tan. Humid conditions. Reduces shattering. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insect pest in Brassica juncea canola. An emerging pest. There is no resistance to it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fourth top producer of lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A category of oil palm. Thin-shelled hybrids between dura and pisifera. Used commercially. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are threshed at 18% moisture, followed by drying to reach 13% - 14% moisture, depending on variety. |
|
|
Term
| Tillage (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| No-till is possible in Brassica juncea canola, but yields less. Retains moisture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Treflan
A herbicide used for fall burn-down in lentils.
Used for pre-emergence, soil-applied control of annual grasses and broadleaves in Brassica juncea canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Palm oil, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil. Extremely high saturate fats compared to other vegetable oils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The third top producer of lentils. A main importer of Canadian lentils. Imports 8% of Canadian exports of chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The seventh top producer of lentils. Imports 13% of Canadian exports of chickpeas. |
|
|
Term
| Variety (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| First commercial Brassica juncea canola seeds were released in 2000 by Viterra: XCEED Canola, including Oasis, 8570, and 8571. There is also Pioneer 45J10. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A list of current recommendations are made by Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. There are no GMO chickpeas. Includes kabuli and desi varieties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are classified as small, medium, or large, and also classified as green, red, French green, or dark speckled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oil palm varieties include dura, pisifera, and tenera varieties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A weed in lentils and chickpeas. Hard to clean from the seeds. Difficult to control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can appear up to 4 years after planting lentils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weeds (Brassica juncea canola) |
|
Definition
| Weeds in Brassica juncea canola include kochia. There are few herbicides registered for Brassica juncea. Sensitive to group 2 herbicides. Trifluralin can be used. There are some Clearfield tolerant varieties: 8570 and 8571. Lontrel cannot be used in Brassica juncea canola. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weeds in chickpeas include volunteer canola. Chickpeas are not good competitors. There are few weed control options in chickpeas; they are sensitive to herbicides used in lentils and peas. Can use Sencor and Clethodim. Control with integrated weed management: dense canopy, pre-plant burn-down with glyphosate, control in prior years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weeds in lentils include volunteer flax, canola, mustard, and perennial weeds. Causes dockage and staining in the late season. Lentils are not good competitors: early seeding helps with competition. Must control prior to planting, with long-term strategies. Herbicides include clethodim, metribuzin, gramoxone, trifluralin, Edge granular, and glyphosate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils are important economically, for rotations, and reducing N requirements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Imports green lentils from Canada. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of Brassica juncea canola released by Viterra. Includes Oasis, 8571, and 8571. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Desi chickpeas average 1550 kg/ha = 1400 lbs/ac.
Kabuli chickpeas average 1300 kg/ha = 1150 lbs/ac.
Higher yielding than other crops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lentils average 1475 kg/ha = 1313 lbs/ac. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The weight of fruit bunches increases with the age of the oil palm tree, reaching 25 kg at 6 years with good soils. Annual yield may exceed 30 tons/ha under good conditions. Average is 10 tons/ha. 10 tons of fruit = 3 tons of palm oil, 250 kg of palm kernel oil, and 500 kg of palm kernel meal. |
|
|
