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| the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins. |
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| A=T (2 hydrogen bonds) C=G (3 hydrogen bonds) |
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| transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool to ribosomes |
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| nucleotide triplet which base-pairs with the complementary codon on the mRNA |
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| Explain the process of Transcription |
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Definition
1) RNA Polymerase (II) binds to promoter region on DNA
2) Transcription Initiation Complex formed : TATA Box
*Elongation*
3) RNA Polymerase unwinds and moves along DNA template strand 5' -> 3'
*Termination*
4) RNA Polymerase transcribes a POLYADENYLATION SIGNAL on DNA, this tells it to detach |
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| The signal on DNA that tells RNA Polymerase (II) to detach |
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| Post Transcription, what happens? |
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| RNA Splicing (Introns removed, Exons expressed) , Poly-A-Tail is attached to the 3' end and a 5' cap is attached to the 5' end, this completes the mRNA ready for translation |
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| the cap that goes onto the 3' end after transcription and splicing |
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| the cap that goes to the 5' end of the mRNA after splicing |
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| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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| protein that matches the correct A.A. to tRNA in the cytoplasm , it bings the A.A. to tRNA via hydrolysis of ATP |
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| the ability of the 3rd codon to be different and still be read by tRNA/mRNA so it can code for an A.A. |
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| characteristics of ribosome |
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Definition
-small and large subunit
- made in nucleus by rRNA and proteins
- the few proteins that make up ribosomes come from the cytoplasm, transported from there to the nucleus
- 3 Binding sites
*E-Site : Exit site
*P-Site : peptidyl-tRNA binding site
*A-site : aminoacyl-tRNA binding site |
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| Explain the process of Translation |
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Definition
*Initiation*
1) Initiator codon AUG on the mRNA
2) large subunit binds to the small subunit, the mRNA shifts and the A site is ready for next tRNA anticodon
*Elongation*
3) A.A. added one by one to C' terminus
4) Elongation factor proteins help out
5) anti-codon binds to A-site, hydrolysis of GTP increases efficiency
6) Peptide bond formed between amino group and carboxyl end at the P-site
7) Peptide being formed (A.A. chain) attaches to A site so the tRNA molecule in the P site can shift over to the E-site
*Termination*
8) Stop codon UAG, UAA, UGA on mRNA stop the action
9) Release factor stops the codon at A site
10) addition of water (H2O) to the polypeptide chain so it breaks off and releases itself through the Exit tunnel |
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Term
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Definition
the primary structure of the polypeptide chain fold itself , sugars, phosphates and lipids attach to it to aid its structure=function
- free ribosomes produce proteins that stay in cytosol
- bound ribosomes attach to rER
- signal peptides address proteins to cellular organelles or secretion |
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| change in single pair nucleotide |
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| differ in one pair of nuclotides, instead CTT, its CAT, causing valine to be created making sickle cell hemoglobin to be produced |
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