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Proteins and Enzymes
proteins and enzymes
25
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
04/12/2015

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Term
Alcohol denaturants
Definition
compete for H bonds which are involved in maintaining higher levels of protein structure
Term
Acid and Base denaturants
Definition
ACID- protonate carboxylate functions which removes their charge; destroy salt bridges
BASE- deprotonate ammonium which removes charge; destroys salt bridges
Term
Urea denaturants
Definition
competes for H bonds which are responsible for maintaining higher levels of protein structure
Term
Heat denaturants
Definition
increases thermal motions which disrupt noncovalent interactions
Term
heavy metals
Definition
bond to free thiol function (-S-H) and cause protein to precipitate
Term
coenzymes
Definition
most are made from b-vitamins
loosely or tightly bound to enzyme
tightly bound coenzymes are considered to be prosthetic groups
Term
NAD+
Definition
coenzyme required by most but not all dehydrogenases
remove hydrogen from substrate
binds a hydride ion to become NADH
Term
monomeric
Definition
a single polypeptide chain
Term
prosthetic group
Definition
nonprotein molecule that a protein require for activity
Term
prosthetic group of myglobin
Definition
heme, an iron 2+ ion ( Fe 2+ coordinated to a poryphorin ring)
Term
why doesn't myoglobin have quaternary structure?
Definition
it is a monomeric protein so it doesnt have interactions between chains
Term
hemoglbin/myoglobin similar/different
Definition
both are oxygen carriers
both use heme as a prosthetic group
myoglobin is monomeric
hemoglobin is tetrameric
Term
why does hemoglobin have quaternary structure while myglobin does not
Definition
because hemoglobin is tetrameric so multiple chains can interact while myoglbin is monomeric so it doesnt have multiple chains
Term
eneatiomer
Definition
an optical isomer that is non-suoerimposable on its mirror in=mage
Term
racemic mixture
Definition
an optically inactive mixture that consists of equal amounts of a pair of enantiomers
Term
disstereomers
Definition
structures that belong to the same family of optical isomers but are related as enantiomers
Term
dextrorotatory
Definition
an optical isomer that rotates the plane of light to the right
Term
levorotatory
Definition
an optical isomer that rotates the plane of light to the left
Term
optically active
Definition
a substance able to rotate the plane of light
Term
how do A.A. residues which are typically far apart in promary structure get close to each other to form the active site?
Definition
the protein must fold properly
Term
dehydrogenases
Definition
class of enzymes that catalyzes the removing of hydrogen from substrates in catabolic pathways like glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
Term
NAD+
Definition
most dehydrogenases must use this and are NAD+ dependent
Term
FAD
Definition
some dehydrogenases use this as the electron/proton carrier and are therefore FAD dependent
Term
carbs digest ----> glucose, sugars/glycolysis ----> pyruvate ----> acetyl CoA/citric acid cycle----->reduced coenzymes/ETC ---> ATP
Definition
Term
places where products of A.A. can join central metabolism pathway
Definition
acetyl CoA, pyruvate, citric acid cycle intermediates
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