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| ...is the level where people can identify category members most readily; this is the highest level where category members have similar overall shapes; this is the highest level where we interact with members by making use of the same motor programs; and this is the highest level where we possess the most knowledge (in terms of features) concerning categories. |
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| ...are structured mental representations of an area of human experience (i.e., objects or events). As such, they amount to representations of prototypes (which see). Framelike structures have received a variety of names in the literature, including model, idealized cognitive model, domain, script, scene, experiential gestalt, folk theory, and several others. Frames have roles (which see) that can be instantiated by particular values (which see). Frames are like schemas in that they sanction more specific instances. See also Image-chemas and Schemas. |
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| These are abstract mental representations of a category that define and hold together (the members of) a category. |
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| In a construction grammar, each linguistic expression is an instance of a higher-level constructional schema that "sanctions" the use of the expression. Schemas are abstract representations that are instantiated by more specific expressions. See also Frame and Image-schemas. |
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| these are prototypes that are defined by the particular goal, context, and history of categorization |
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This is the view, proposed by a number of scholars, but most eminently by Benjamin Lee Whorf, that language shapes congition (used here in a broad sense to include a variety of cognitive processes, such as memory, categorization, and recognition)
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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Term
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an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts
Theory of perception: a holistic view = "perceived whole"
Image schemas are generic non-propositional gestalts
-generalizations over basic expiences of space and motion
-We experience our BODY as Wholes with Parts
Basic Level concepts are preceived holistically as a single gestalt
-pick basic level phenomena out from a distance by the gestalt of the category |
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Term
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According to Ungerer and Schmid (1996) the principles which figure more prominently in gestalt perception are:
1. Principle of Proximity: individual elements with a small distance between them will be perveived as being somehow related to each other
2. Principle of Similarity: indicidual elements that are similar tend to be perveived as one common segment
3. Principle of Closure: perceptual organization tends to be anchored in closed figures
4. Principle of Continuation: elements will be perceived as wholes if they only have few interruptions |
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| Two approaches to Basic Level |
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| Epistemology and Ontology |
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Bottom-up approach
1. Theory of knowledge that considers the possibility and conditions of knowledge
2. "Investigates the nature and origins of knowledge" (the abstract notion of love exists because there are loving behaviors at the basic level)
3. The way we know reality is by starting at the basic level to verify the fact of an event (Geislter & Feinberg 1980)
4. Asks the questions: What do Basic Level phenomena mean? To what superordinate categories do these Basic Level phemonmena belong?
5. This perspective tends to prefer literal concepts and exclude metaphorically explained concepts
-look at difference between English concept of bird and Selepet (PNG) concept of bird)
-Here are these phenomena, what do they represent? To what category do they belong?
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