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Definition
| Group of people born around the same time as you in the same area of the world |
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| Normative age-graded influence |
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Definition
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| Nonnormative life evernts |
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Definition
Can greatly influence an individuals development, such as loss of one or both parents at a young age, or suffering a serious or disabling illness or accident- Life events that dont occur to most other people.
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Refers to traits, abilities, and capacities that are genetic inheritances from one's parents- inherited factors which occur during maturation
Ex: Body size, cognitive or social talents |
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Definition
Refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior
Ex: Exposure to toxins, economic status, or peer pressure. |
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Definition
| The seat of primitive drives of hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses |
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Definition
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| The conscience, where right and wrong are determined |
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Definition
| The approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable bhavior and outside stimuli in the environment |
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| Behavioral Perspective- Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
| learning where an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response, due to the neutral stimulis being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, which naturally elicits the response. Ex: Pavlov's dog salivating to a bell, which has been paired with meat |
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| Behavioral Perspective- Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
| A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences. Ex: Study hard receive an 'A' grade= studying reinforced; study hard, receive a 'D' grade= studying not reinforsed |
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| Behavioral Perspective- Social-cognitive learning |
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Definition
| Learning through imitation of a model= learning behavior by watching another or others perform the behavior, and being motivated and able to replicate that behavior when the stimuli are right |
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Definition
| Focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. researchers gather evidence concerning how cognitive abilities change as we develop and the degree to which cognitive development represents qualitative and quantitative growth in intellectual abilities |
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| Evolutionary perspective of development |
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Definition
| This perspective proposes the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. It looks for the servival value of human behaviors and personality traits. |
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Definition
Studies the effects of heredity on behavior, and seeks understanding about how we may inherit certain behavioral traits, and how the enveronment influences whether we actually display such traits. It also considers how geretic factors may produce psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia.
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| Cross sectional studies of development |
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Definition
| Research in which different ages are compaired at the same point in time. |
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Cross sectional studies of development
Advantages |
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Definition
| Provide info about differences in development between different age groups more economical timewise and money wise. |
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Cross sectional studies of development
Disadvantages |
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Definition
| Cohort Effects- variances in some dimensions between age group studies may be due to differences in cohort membership, not age or development |
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Definition
| Participants in some age groups are often more likely to quit participation in a study than others, so those remaining may not be representative of the ages being studied, unable to inform us of changes in individuals or groups over time |
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Term
| Longitudinal study of development |
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Definition
| Measuring individual change- research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured over time as the subjects age |
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Longitudinal study of development
Advantages |
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Definition
| In studying the same individual(s) over time, changes can be readily ascribed to deveolopment |
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Longitudinal study of development
Disadvantages
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Definition
| Time investment of researchers, loss of subjects over time (dropout, move away, get ill, or die) Participants become "test-wise" and improve over time due to familiarity with questions, financial cost is often high. |
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Term
Jean Piaget and cognitive development theory
Schemes |
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Definition
| Organized patterns or frameworks that represent ideas, behaviors, and actions which allow us to know, understand, and think about the world |
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Term
Jean Piaget and cognitive development theory
Assimilation |
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Definition
| Process where new information and experience is added to the former scheme |
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Term
Jean Piaget and cognitive development theory
Accommodation |
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Definition
| Process that changes existing ways of thinking in response to new stimuli or events |
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Term
| Information-processing approach to development |
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Definition
| They propose that with age, heman capacity to handle info increases and so does our speed and efficiency of info processing |
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Definition
| Suggests that social-cognitive learning proceeds in 4 steps. |
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Definition
| An observer must pay attention and perceive the most critical features of a model's behavior. |
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Definition
| The observer must successfully recall the behavior |
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Definition
| The observer must reproduce the behavior accurately |
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Definition
| The observer must be motivated to learn and carry out the behavior |
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Definition
Development can be understood through studying observable behavior and environmental stimuli
Ex: In this perspective, a young adult who is over weight might be seen as not being rewarded for good nutritional and exercise habits. |
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Term
| Pairs of chromosomes in a zygote |
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Definition
| The new cell formed by the process of fertilization. The zygote containing 23 (46) pairs of chromosomes 23 from the mom and 23 from the dad |
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Definition
| What the male and female reprodutive calls are called. Each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes which at conception will fuse together to create a zygote |
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Definition
| A process whereby the 23 pairs of (46) chromosomes of a cell split and repoduce two identical sets of chromosomes, after which the cell divides.The result is two daughter cells, each with the full complement of 46 chromosomes of the original cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process whereby the 23 pairs (46) chromosomes of a cell split and replicate, similar to mitotic cell division; however, the pairs of chromosomes in each of the would-be daughter cells split apart, as do the would-be daughter cells. This second meiotic division results in the production of four gametes produced by the two-step process, each gamete containing just 23 chromosomes-- one chromosome from each of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the original cell. |
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Term
| Monozygotic multiples(identical) |
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Definition
| Happen when the ovum divides after fertilization. These babies are genetically identical and are always the same sex. |
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Term
| Dizygotic multiples(faternal) |
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Definition
| Happen when multiple eggs are released and fertilized by different sperm cells. These babies are no more alike genetically than siblings that are born at differnt times, and can be of the same or of different sexes. Fraternal twins are more common that identical twins. |
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Term
| Sex determination and X and Y chromosomes |
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Definition
The sex of the new human is determined at conception, 22 pairs of chromosomes are unrelated to the sex of the new life, but the 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the new person, depending on whether they receive an X or a Y chromosome from their father. When this 23rd pair of chromosomes are both X chromosomes then the new person is female. When one of these 23rd pair of chromosomes is an X and the other Y the new person is male.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
The underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism.
Ex: Bb (Brown and blue eye color genetic potentials) |
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Definition
An observable trait: the trait that actually is seen
Ex: Brown eyes |
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Definition
A blood clotting disorder is produced by X-linked genes, has been an inherited problem throughout the royal families of Europe.
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Term
Genetic Inheritance
Law of dominant inheritance |
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Definition
| States that when competing traits are inherited, the dominant one will be expressed. |
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Term
Genetic Inheritance
Dominant inheritance disorders |
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Definition
The defect will be expressed in the parent, and the offspring will have differing probabilities of inheriting the trait based on the parents genotypes,
1 parent= heterozygous for the dominant gene disorder= 50% chance each child will receive the dominant gene defect and express it.
Both parents= heterozygous for the dominant gene disorder= each child has a 75% chance of receiving and expressing it
1 parent= homozygous for the dominant gene disorder= each child= 100% certain to receive it |
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Term
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Definition
| Inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait |
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Definition
| The process of identigying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus |
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Definition
| A process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, it is used to assess the size and shape to help determine if the child/fetus is developing normally. |
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Term
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Definition
The physical activities (as dilation of the cervix and contraction of the uterus) involved in giving birth; The birthing process
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Term
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Definition
| A pituitary hormone that stimulates the contraction of the uterine muscle. Causes the uterus to begin the periodic contractions which pushes the baby our of the uterus through the cervix and birth canal into life on its own. |
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Term
Lengths of various stages of labor
First stage |
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Definition
| Typically lasting 16-24 hours for first-born children, the first stage of labor is the longest. Contractions initially occur every 8-10 minutes and last 30 seconds. Woward the end of the first stage, contractions occur about every 2 minutes, and last for 2 minutes. The period when contractions are most frequent and strongest is transition. The end of this first stage is when the mother's cervix fully opens to allso the baby's head to pass through. |
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Term
Lengths of various stages of labor
Second stage |
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Definition
| Begins when the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal, and ends about 90 minutes late, when the baby has completely left the mother's body. |
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Term
Lengths of various stages of labor
Third stage |
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Definition
| During the third stage of labor, the umblical cord and placenta are expelled from the mother's body. This only takes a few minutes to happen in most normal deliveries. |
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Term
| Apgar test and scores (good scores/bad scores) |
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Definition
| The scale focuses on five basic qualities: appearance(color), pulse(heart rate), grimace(reflex irritability), activity(muscle tone), and respiration(respiratory effort). Health care workers assign the newborn a score ranging from 0 to 2 on each of the five qualities, producing an overall score ranging from 0 to 10. The great majority of infants score 7 or above. the 10% of neonates who score under 7 require help to start breathing, and those who score below 4 need immediate, lefesaving aid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deprivation of oxygen during the birthing process. Can cause serious harm to the infant however brief periods may have no lasting effect |
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| Mother's minimum hospital stay after delivery (American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation) |
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Definition
| The minimum hospital stay is 48 hours for the safety of the mother and baby. |
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Term
| Causes of preterm delivery |
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Definition
| Difficulties relating to the mother's reproductive system such as immature reproductive systems in mothers under the age of 15 and womes's reproductive systems which have not had time to recover from one birth before another pregnancy occurs. Multiple births can be preterm becasue of the stress on the mother. The health of the mother could also be a factor such as nutrition, medical care, economis support, and stress in the environment related to premature birth and low birthweight. |
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Term
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Definition
| An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgically removing the baby from the uterus. Done for reasons such as fetal distress(when the monitor indicates the baby is in danger), breech position(baby is positioned feet first in uterus), and transverse position(baby is laying crosswise is uterus), or when the babies head is to large to move through the birth canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sucking reflex and the swallowing reflex allow the baby to begin to ingest food right after birth. the rooting reflex is the sutomatic turning in the direction of a light touch on the cheek or near the mouth, also helps with eating. Reflexes not involved in eating include coughing, sneezing, and blinking. |
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Term
| Value of infants ability to imitate facial expressions |
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Definition
| Some forms begin earlier in life but it is unclear when true imitation begins |
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Term
| Lamaze method of labor land delivery |
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Definition
| Use psychological techniques involving relaxation training |
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Term
| LeBoyer method of birthing |
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Definition
| Designed to make birthing process less stressful for the infant by stimulating the atmosphere of the womb in the delivery room |
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Definition
| The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentation of the same stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of leaning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences |
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Definition
| A type of lewhich in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body. |
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Definition
| The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward |
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Definition
| The degree to which a developing structure or bhavior is modified due to experience |
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Term
| Infants nighttime sleep schedule (birth to 1 year) |
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Definition
| Infants sleep in spurts often making the infant out of snyc with the rest of the world. On average newborns sleep 16 to 17 hours a day. Some can sleep more than 20 hours while others sleep as little as 10 hours a day. Usually by 16 weeks infants sleep as much as 6 continuous hours a night |
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Term
| Why sudden infant death syndrome 1990s rate decrease? |
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Definition
| Parents have become more informed and pur babies to sleep on their backs instead of their stomachs. |
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Term
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
| A disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep. |
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Term
| Infant milestones of motor development |
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Definition
3.2 months- rolling over
3.3 months- grasping rattle
5.9 months- sitting without support
7.2 months- standing while holding on
8.2 months- grasping with thump and finger
11.5 months- standing well alone
12.3 months- walking well
14.8 months- building tower of 2 cubes
16.6 months- walking up steps
23.8 months- jumping in place |
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Term
| Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale |
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Definition
| A measure designed to determine infants neurological and behavioral responses to their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have very little control of arms, legs, fingers, and toes at first the nervous systems learn how to control the muscles by trial and error. when the brain perceives that particular movements are effective in reaching goals movements are reinforced with new synaptic contacts between the neurons involved. |
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Definition
| A disease in which infants stop growing due to malnutrition |
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Definition
| A disease in which a childs stomach, limbs, and face swell with water |
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Term
| American Academy of pediatrics breastfeeding recommendations |
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Definition
| For the first 12 months of life there is no better food for an infant than breast milk |
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Term
| Robert Franz research: Infant visual preferences |
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Definition
| Found that 2-3 month olds preferred to look at more complex stimuli than simple ones. Infants are genetically programmed to prefer particular kinds of stimuli; show preferences for certain colors, shapes, and configurations of various stimuli |
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Term
| Newborn infants hearing abilities |
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Definition
| Have a sensitivity to high frequency and low frequency sound waves. Have a difficulty determining which direction a sound is coming from. |
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