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| A general term for any treatment process; in psychology and psychiatry, therapy refers to a variety of psychological and biomedical techniques aimed at dealing with mental disorders or coping with problems of living |
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| The relationship between the therapist and the client, with both parties working together to help the client deal with psychological or behavioral issues |
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| Therapy based on psychological principles (rather than on the biomedical approach); often called "psychotherapy" |
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| Treatment that focuses on altering the brain, especially with drugs, psychosurgery, or electroconvulsive therapy |
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| Individual who has received on-the-job training (and, in some cases, undergraduate training) in mental health treatment in lieu of graduate education and full professional certification |
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| Psychotherapy in which the therapist helps the patient/client understand (gain insight into) his or her problems |
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| The form of psychodynamic theory developed by Sigmund Freud. The goal of psychoanalysis is to release conflicts and memories from the unconscious |
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| The Freudian technique of analyzing and interpreting the parent's relationship with the therapist , based on the assumption that this relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient's past |
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| Neo-Freudian Psychodynamic Therapy |
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| Therapy for a mental disorder that was developed by psychodynamic theorists who embraced some of Freud's ideas but disagreed with others |
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| Treatment technique based on the assumption that people have a tendency for positive growth and self actualization, which may be blocked by an unhealthy environment that can include negative self-evaluation and criticism from others |
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| A humanistic approach to treatment developed by Carl Roger, emphasizing an individual's tendency for healthy psychological growth through self-actualization |
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| Emphasizes rational thinking (as opposed to subjective emotion, motivation, or repressed conflicts) as the key to treating mental disorder |
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| Carl Rogers' technique of paraphrasing the client's words attempting to capture the emotional tone expressed |
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| Any form of psychotherapy done with more than one client/patient at a time. Group therapy is often done from a humanistic perspective |
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| Groups, such as AA, that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems. Such groups are typically organized and run by laypersons, rather than professional therapists |
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| Another term for behavior therapy |
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| Any for of psychotherapy based on the principles of behavioral learning, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning |
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| Systematic Desensitization |
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| A behavioral technique in which anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to an anxiety-provoking stimulus |
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| A form of desensitization therapy in which the patient directly confronts the anxiety-provoking stimulus (as opposed to imagining the stimulus) |
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| As a classical conditioning procedure, aversive counterconditioning involves presenting the individual with an attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant (aversive) stimulation to condition a repulsive reaction |
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| An operant conditioning approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior |
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| An operant technique applied to groups, such as classrooms or mental hospital wards, involving the distribution of "tokens" or other indicators of reinforcement contingent on desired behaviors. The tokens can later be exchanged for privileges, food or other reinforcers. |
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| A social learning technique in which a therapist demonstrates and encourages a client to imitate a desired behavior |
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| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
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| A newer form of psychotherapy that combines the techniques of cognitive therapy with those of behavioral therapy |
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| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) |
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| Albert Ellis' brand of cognitive therapy, based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders |
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| Positive Psychotherapy (PPT) |
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| A relatively new form of cognitive-behavioral treatment that seeks to emphasize growth, health, and happiness |
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| A person who gives the speaker feedback in such forms as nodding, paraphrasing, maintaining an expression that shows interest, and asking questions for clarification |
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| Medicines that diminish psychotic symptoms, usually by effects on the dopamine pathways in the brain |
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| An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving the muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs |
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| Medicines that treat depression, usually y their effects on the serotonin and/or norepinephrine pathways in the brain |
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| A category of medicines that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety |
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| Drugs that normally increase activity level by encouraging communication among neurons in the brain. Stimulants, however, have been found to suppress activity level in persons with ADD/ADHD |
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| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
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| A treatment used primarily for depression and involving the application of an electric current to the head, producing a generalized seizure. Sometimes called "shock treatment" |
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| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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| A treatment that involves magnetic simulation of specific regions of the brain. Unlike ECT, TMS does not produce a seizure |
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| Jones' term for a program of treating mental disorder by making the institutional environment supportive and humane for patients |
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| The policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals |
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| Community Mental Health Movement |
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| An effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and provide therapy from outpatient clinics. Proponents of community mental health envisioned that recovering patients could live with their families, in foster homes, or in group homes |
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| A therapeutic approach that involves both psychological and medical techniques - most often a drug therapy with a behavioral or cognitive behavioral therapy |
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