What are the four major classes of hallucinogens and examples of each class

*Serotonergic (LSD, Mescaline-peyote cactus, psilocybin, LSA, DMT, Bufotenin)

*Methylated AMphetamine (DOM, MDA, MDMA)

* Cholinergic hallucinogen (atropine, scopolamine)

* Dissociative anesthetics (PCP, Ketamine)

Serotonergic

(types, effects, mechanism)

*LSD, mescaline, psilocybin

*Visual hallucinations and other effects on consciousness

*Influence on serotonergic trasnmission

Methylated Amphetamine

(types, effects, mechanism)

*MDA, MDMA, DOM (ecstasy)

*Alter mood and consciousness with little or no sensory change

* Act like amphetamine and cocain on DA, NE, SR synapses

* Strong DA agonist, also affect 5-HT & NE

*Atropine, Scopolamine (antagonist-block acetylcholine receptors)

*Dreamliek trance in which user awakes with little or no memory of experience

* Act like cholinergic syanpses on the brain

* Used medically in small dose, but dangerous in high dose

*Agonist: Muscarine, physotigmine

Dissociative Anesthetics

(types, effects, mechanism)

*PCP, Ketamine

*Produce surgical anesthesia while individual is semiconscious

*Act through a receptor that influences the activity of the excitatory amino acid NT, glutamate

As far back as 1,000 BC in Central and South America

Psilocybic mushrooms, peyote cactus, morning glory seeds

1700's on

*1950-LSD distributed to psychologists as adjust to therapy

*1956-PCP syntehsized as anesthetic for humans, ketamine still used in veterinary anesthetic

*P.O. (Oral) or Sublingual (under tongue): LSD, Mescaline, MDMA, Cholinergic

*Inhalation: PCP, DMT

*Rarely, I.V. (injected), intranasal (DMT, PCP/Ketamine, amphetamine-like drug)

*LSD-Onset: 30-90 min. Duration: 6-12 hours.

*Psilocin: 2-4 hrs

*MDMA: 6-8 hrs

*Cholinergics-Onset: Rapid.  Duration: Depends on dose

*Dissociative Anesthetics-Onset: 5-10 minutes if smoked/injected.  Duration: 4-6 hrs or days depending on dose

*Can take 2-3 days until individual feels normal

*LSD is cleared from body in approximately 1 day

*PCP isn't metabolized and is exerted in urine

*Like amphetamine and cocaine

*pupil dialtation

*Increased heart rate and blood pressure

*Increased body temperature

*Increased body sweating

*Synthesia

*Increased brightness, saturated colors, sense of movement in still objects

*neural pathways critical to sensory info processing-thalamus, straitum, and cortical brain areas

*Produce clear sympathomimetic effects

*Increased heart rate and blood pressure

*Pupil dialation

*Muscle tension

*Increased body temperature

*Appetite supression

*muscle tension

*Insomnia

*Psychological effects: Euphoria, decreased defensiveness, increased emotional warmth, and increased verbal behavior

*Areas: Frontal lobe of cerebral cortex, front of brain used for thinking, hippocampus, area deep in brain for memory

*Dry mouth

*Blurred vision

*Loss of motor control

*Increased heart rate

*Increased body temperature

*CAn cause respiratory failure

*Dreamlike trance/stupor

*Delirious and confused

*Memory of experience is poor

*Drugs occupy but don't activate ACH recptor site.  Peripheral and central effects

Psychophysiological effects of dissociative anesthetics

*Feelings of numbness (euphoria, like alcohol intoxication)

*Slurred speech

*Motor discoordination

*Can be catatonic and ridged with blank stare or aggressive and hyperactive

*Profuse sweating

*Increased heart rate and blood pressure

*Blurred/double vision

*Change in body image

*Distortion of tactile senses

*Dreamlike vision

*Areas: PFC, medulla, hippocampus

*Most potent

*25 micrograms produce effects

*street dose 12-350 micrograms

*small amount of LSD ina  gel, tablet, or on paper with cartoon design

*orally by eating peyote buttons

*usually 5-20 buttons eating with 200-800 milligrams of mescaline

*Natural psychosis ie schizophrenia: auditory, true hallucinogens, threatening, seen with eyes open, disrupting, disorienting, subject is resistant and withdrawn

*LSD-induced psychosis: visual, pseudohallunications, can be pleasant, best seen in dark, integrated, state of awareness, sbuject is suggestible and will communicate

*Doesn't develop much to 5-HT hallucinogen at doses and frequencies typically used

*Does develop to MDMA, supplementing with 2nd and 3rd doses after an hour or more may increase side effects creating acute tolearnce to positive effects

*PCP/Ketamine develops in chronic users

*Like: melting into surroundings, out of body experience, visual halluincation, contentedness, merriment, "giggliness", intensity of experience

*Dislike: decreased memory, concentration and sociability, nausea