-450 million

-ongoing patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions that are

-deviant

-distressful

-dysfunctional

-more to a disorder than being deviant, must cause person distress.

-dysfunctional is key.

ADHD

how many children?

what characterizes extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity?

-4% of children

ADHD children must display one of more of the following..

-extreme inattention: distractibility, forgetfullness, disorganization

-hyperactivity: fidgeting, restlessness, excessive talking, not seated still

-impulsivity: difficulty taking turns, interrupting, blurting out answers

-'moral treatment'

-more humane approach to working with psychiatric patients

-explains mental illnesses in the bio-psycho-social perpective

-interaction of genetic factors and past and present experiences

-diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

-authoritative schema for classifying disorders

-used by insurance

-defines 16 clinical syndromes

-describes but does not explains cause

-argued too wide

-reliability (agreement between professionals)

-study of mental hospital admissions

16%

-distressing, persistent anxiety

-or dysfunctional anxiety reducing behaviors

generalizaed anxiety disorder

-continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

-symthoms commonplace, persistance is not.

-worriers, jittery, sleep deprived

-minutes long episodes of fear (panic attack)

-focused anxiety on a specific object, activity or situation

-disrupts behaviors

-social phobia: intense fear of being judged by others

(extreme shyness)

-agorphobia: fear or avoidance of situations in which escape is difficult

-unwanted repititive thoughts (obsessions)

-and actions (compulsions)

-late teens or 20s

-lingering symtoms of haunting memories/nightmares, social withdrawl, insomia, anxiety.

-post-traumatic growth: suffering can lead to increased life appreciation, meaningful relationships, personal strength, priorities, richer spiritual life.

-both a feeling and a cognition

-link between conditioned fear and generalized anixety helps explain why anxious people are hyperattentive to possible threats.

-also, associate anxiety with cues

-link stimuli with aversive (paintful) effect.. loud noise, shock, ext.

-attacked by dog, be scared of dogs later

-maintains rising phobias and compulsions

-avoiding/escaping feared situation reduces anxiety but REINFORCES the fear.

-woman driving over bridge, never goes over bridge and becomes more and more scared of it.

-only works for time being.

observational learning

-learning from others' fears

-biological perspective

-compulsive acts are exaggerated behaviors that contribute to our species' survival.

-biologically fear threats retained by ancestors (dark, snakes, ext.)

-some people more than others are genetically predisposed to particular fears and high anxiety.

-anxiety gene = brain levels of serotonin

- sometimes anxiety gene = glutamate

-symtoms take a somatic (bodily) form without cause

-culture has large effect on peoples physical complaints and how they are explained

-anxiety converted into physical symtom

-formly hysteria.. i cant move my arm.

-no medical explanation.

-'common somatoform disorder'

-people see normal symtoms as disease (sneezing, i have swine flu)

-sympathy or temporary relief from everday demands reinforces these demands

-sudden loss of memory or change in identity

-certain symtoms not so rare

-controversial

-not the same as dissociative identity disorder

-multiple personalities

-known as MPD or DID

-those who believe its genuine find support in distinct different brain and body states associated with the different personalities (only one personality allergic to peanuts)

-almost all those suffer come from same group of doctors

-printed fake psychology degree

-psychologist by day, killer by night.

-blamed on DID (multiple personalities)

-2 weeks of depressed mood, worthlessness, diminished interest

-very common

-common, but not all cases are extremely serious.

-number one reason to seek help.. but phobias more common.

-leading cause of disability worldwide

-cannot be called this if caused by medical condition or drugs

-women 2x likely

-most self terminate, but therapy works too

-freud said depression occur when significant losses evoke feelings associated with childhood

-striking at earlier age

-down in the dumps for most days for 2+ years

-less serious than major depression

-low energy and self esteem

-difficulty with concentrating and decisions

-sleep or eat too much or too little

-formly 'manic depressive disorder'

-alternate between depression and mania (high and low)

-manic: overtalkative, overspending, elated, easily irritated, less need for sleep and fewer sexual inhibitions

-need help controlling themselves

-multitaskers

-less common than depression

-white americans 2x than black americans

-women more likely to attempt, men more likely to succeed

-older men's rates are surging

-high among rich, nonreligious, single, widowed, or divorced

-many disorders at once.

-feel symptoms from other disorders

-often a mental disorder along with a developmental disorder

-left brain likely to be inactive in depression

-brain has less activity during depression

-hippocampus vulnerable to stress related damage

-serotonin scarce

-norepinephrine, abundent in mania, scarce in depression

-drugs for depression increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine

-A: ancticedent event (ask woman out)

-B: belief system (self-esteem, ext)

-C consequence (ill never ask a girl out again, ill try again later, shes missing out ext)

-C depends on B

-to overthink

martin seligman

-argues rise of indivualism and the decline of commitment to religion and family explains more negative thoughts today

-did work with learned helplessness

depressions vicious cycle

1) negative stressful events interpreated through

2) a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style creates

3) a hopeless depressed state that..

4) hampers the way a person thinks and acts

5) which fuels negative experiences such as rejection

-a split from reality.

disturbed perceptions, disorganized thinking, inappropriate emotions and actions

-strike young adults

-men and women equally

-but men struck earlier and more severely.

-not so bad by itself, bad with paranoia

-cluster of disorders

-delusions

-word salad

-may result in breakdown in selective attention.

-undivided attention to one sensorary stimuli and filtering out others

-hallucinations

-voices making insults or giving orders

-MRI on those who hear voices.. proves voice is really the person talking to themselves

-flat effect

-catatonia

-senseless, compulsive acts

-disrupt social relationships

-paranoid

-disorganized

-catatonic

-undifferentiated

-residual

PURCD

-signs of depression

S: sleep

I: interest

G: guilt

E: energy

C: concentration

A: appetite

P: psychomotor movement.. reaction to loud noises

S: suicide

-a disease of the brain exhibited in symtoms of the mind

-abundent glutamte and dopamine

-risk factors

-low birth weight

-viral infections in pregnant mothers

-birth complications 

-genetic

-prenatal and psychological factors alone do not by themselves cause it.

-inflexible and enduring patterns of behaviors that impair ones social functioning

-Clusters A, B, and C

-eccentric behavior

-schizotypcal: odd or eccentric

-schizoid: emotionless

-paranoid: highly sensitive

-characterized by anxiety

-avoidant: sensitive to rejection, cant be alone.

-obessive-compulsive: perfectionist. frued said 'anal obsessive'

-dependent: excessive need to be taken care of

-dramatic and impulsive behavior

-histrionic: shallow, attention-seeking

-narcisstic: self-inflating, exaggerate their own importance. criticism hard to accept, often react with rage or shame.

-borderline: unstable identity, relations, and emotions. often stalkers, hard to treat, suicide for attention

-antisocial: formally sociopath. lack of conscience

-most criminals do not have this.

-helps them beat lie dector tests

-biological and psychological

-gamblers

-reduced activity in frontal lobe

-childhood maltreatment and a gene that alters neurotransmitter balance are proven to cause this

-26%

antisocial and phobias

-very high for those below poverty line

-learning related disorders: candidates for psychotherapy (therapist uses psychological techniques to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth)

-biologically influenced disorders: candidates for biomedical therapy. (perscribed meds, or medical precedure that acts on nervous system)

-uses many therapies

-uses eclectic approach to combine many therapy techniques into a single system

75-85%

-freud

-some use psychodynamic therapies

-childhood subconscious problems fuel adulthood disorders

-try to use insight: suddenly realizing

by gaining insight, patient begins to work through buried feelings.

-free association

-resistance

-transference

 -criticisms..

-psychoanalysist beliefs cannot be proven

-very lengthy and expensive

-frued LIKE

-focus on current, not past (relationships, improving them)

-understand sympthoms by analyzing on themes in relationships (childhood and therpist)

interpersonal psychotherapy: brief variation of psychodynamic, effective for depression

-goal is sympthom relief here and now

-rogers

-aims to help people grow in self awareness and self acceptance

-focuses on present and future

-focues on conscious

-taking responsibility for ones actions and feelings

-promoting growth, NOT curing illnesses

-more of a friend than a therapist

-good for mild problems

-rogers

-self concept is key

-therapist listens without judgement or interpretation (non-directive therapy)

therpist exhibits genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

active listening: echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what client expresses

-when patient is leaving, they will say something profound so you dont have to talk about it then.

-skinner

-problem-causing behaviors ARE THE PROBLEM.

-no symptom substitution

-classical conditioning

-type of behavioral therapy

-pairs triggered stimulus with new response that is incompatible with fear

-classical conditioning

-behavioral therapy

-expose people to what they avoid

-throw child in water when learning to swim (flooding)

-type of exposure therapy

-behavioral therapy

-classical conditioning

-first relax muscles

-takes steps, if afraid of flying on a plane.. first buy ticket, then pack, then arrive at airport. therapist does this with patient

-baby steps

-assumes you cannot be simultaneously anxious and relaxed

-behavioral

-classical conditioning

-type of exposure therapy

-helps with phobias

-first relaxes, then goes through hierarchy of fears (similar to progressive relaxation)

-therapist trains you to relax each muscle group one after another

-until you reach drowsy state of comfort

-heirarchy of fears, go down the list

-painful

-type of behavioral therapy

-substitute a negative (aversive) response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus (like alcohol)

-therapist conditions aversion to patient for something client should avoid

-short run, often combined with other therapies

-basically shows the patient what they fear, or what triggers a bad behavior, and tries to get a targeted behavior.

operant conditioning

criticisms

-attempt to reinforce desired behaviors and to withhold punishment for bad behaviors

-step by step positive reinforcers (rewards)

token economy: people exchange token of some sort, earned for exhibiting desired behavior, for various privaledges

critics argue

-what hapenns when reinforcers stop?

-is it right for one human to control another?

-beck

-thinking shapes our feelings.

-between the event and our feeling lies the mind.

-seek to reverse clients catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and change distructive habits, emotions, feelings, ext.

-gentle questioning that aims to help people discover their irrationalities.

-cognitive therapy

-teaching people to restructure their thinking during stress

-often paired with relaxation therapy

-cognitive therapy

-aims to alter the way people think and act

-good for anxiety and mood disorders.. share the common problem of emotion regulation

-saves therapists time and clients money

-good for those with family problems and behavior distressing to others

-helps patients see their problems are similar to others

-aims to reconstruct behavior

-psychotherapy

-summarized studies showing 2/3rds of those suffering nonpsychotic disorders improved after psychotherapy

-also nontreated persons improved

-tendency for unusual events (or emotions) to regress toward average state.

-abnormally high grades most the semester, one bad grade.. usually bound to go back up.

-power of belief in a treatment

-sugar pill

-patients believed they actually got the medicine, when really it did nothing.

-patients still felt fake drug's effect

-look legit but are usually not

-during tramatic scenes, clinician triggers eye movements by waving finger in front of patient's eyes

-combination of exposure therapy and a robust placebo effect make this work

light exposure therapy

-treats seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

-lethargic feelings during dark morning and overcast days

-for many, bright light does dim SAD symthoms

-the most effective therapists are those who are most empathic, caring, and established best bonds with clients

-involve medicines, brain surgery, shock treatment, ext

-study of drugs effect on mind and behavior

-how researchers test drugs

-half patients recieve drug, others do not (placebo)

-neither staff nor patients know who gets actual drug

-chlorpromazine (sold as thorazine) dampens response to stimuli

-schizophrenia, for those with auditory hallucinations and paranoia

-clozapine (sold as clozaril) helps with negative sympthoms, and for those who havent responded to other drugs

-xanax and valium: depress central nervous system activity.. no alcohol use.

-work by increasing availability of norepinephreine or serotonin

-prozac, zoloft, and paxil: blocks reabsoptions and removal of serotonin from synapses

-takes 4 weeks

-simple salt lithium: for those with manic-depressive swings of bipolar disorder

-shock treatment (ECT)

-brain simulation

-given anesthetic, NOT CONSCIOUS.

-severe depression

-no one knows how it works

-repitive transcranial magnetic simulation (rTMS): application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to brain.

-patient wide awake

-deep brain simulation

-surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue

-last resort

lobotamy: cuts nerves that connect frontal lobes to emotion-controlling center in brain, controls violent behavior.

-person cannot identify reasons for their anxiety

-the anxiety lacks a common focus or content

-method of psychoanalysis

-patient transfers to analyst emotions linked with other relationships (often parental)

-part of schizophrenia

-false beliefs of great importance

-pope called me, president called me, ext.

-shallow, attention seeking

-part of cluster b of personality disorders

-unstable identity, relations and emotions

-often suicidal, hard to treat

-stalkers

-cluster b

-formally sociopath

-lack of conscience

-cluster b

-part of schizophrenia

-remaining motionless

-part of schizophrenia

-emotionless

-sensitive to rejection

-cluser C of personality disorders

-perfectionist

-frued said 'anal obsessive'

-cluster C of personality disorders

-excessive need to be cared for

-cluster C of personality disorders

-odd or ecentric

-cluster A of personality disorder

-few relationships

-emotionless

-cluster A of personality disorder

-humanistic

-aspect of client-centered therapy

-analyst listens without judgement or interpretation