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| Psychodynamic theories... |
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- explain the origin of the personality
- all emphasize unconscious motives and desires
- emphasize importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality |
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- client is seen as the product of his past and treatment involves dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious
- personalities arise because of attempts to resolve conflicts between unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses and societal demands to restrain these impulses |
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| contains all the information that a client is paying attention to at any given time. |
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| contains all the information outside of a client’s attention but readily available if needed—thoughts and feelings that can be brought into consciousness easily. |
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| contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which clients have no awareness but that influence every aspect of their day-to-day lives. |
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| Freud proposed that personalities have three components: the _____, ______, and _______. |
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| the id, the ego, and the superego. |
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| A reservoir of instinctual energy that contains biological urges such as impulses toward survival, sex, and aggression. The id is unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle, the drive to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. |
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| The component that manages the conflict between the id and the constraints of the real world. Some parts of the ego are unconscious, whereas others are preconscious or conscious. The ego operates according to the reality principle—the awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accommodate the demands of the real world. The ego’s role is to prevent the id from gratifying its impulses in socially inappropriate ways. |
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| Ego-Syntonic/Ego-Dystonic: |
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Syntonic = behaviors “insync” with the ego (no guilt)
Dystonic = behavior “dis-n-sync” with the ego (guilt)
(ego-dystonic is also referred to as ego alien) |
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determine the best course of action based on information from the id, reality, and the superego. When the ego is comfortable with its conclusions and behaviors, a client is said to be ego-syntonic.However, if a client is bothered by some of his or her behaviors, he or she would be ego-dystonic (ego alien).
Inability of the ego to reconcile the demands of the id, the superego, and reality produces conflict that leads to a state of psychic distress known as anxiety. |
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| is the ability of the ego to effectively deal with the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Those with little ego strength may feel torn between these competing demands, whereas those with too much ego strength can become too unyielding and rigid. Ego strength helps maintain emotional stability and cope with internal and external stress. |
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| The moral component of personality. It contains all the moral standards learned from parents and society. The superego forces the ego to conform not only to reality, but also to its ideals of morality. Hence, the superego causes clients to feel guilty when they go against society’s rules. |
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| Psychosexual Stages of Development |
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Definition
[image]
He believed that at each stage of development, children gain sexual gratification or sensual pleasure from a particular part of their bodies. Each stage has special conflicts, and children’s ways of managing these conflicts influence their personalities. |
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s an inability to progress normally from one stage into another. When the child becomes an adult, the fixation shows up as a tendency to focus on the needs that were overgratified or overfrustrated.
If a child’s needs in a particular stage are gratified too much or frustrated too much, the child can become fixated at that stage of development. |
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| developed during the phallic stage. The Oedipus complex refers to a male child’s sexual desire for his mother and hostility toward his father, whom he considers to be a rival for his mother’s love. Freud thought that a male child who sees a naked girl for the first time believes that her penis has been cut off. |
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| Freud thought that a male child who sees a naked girl for the first time believes that her penis has been cut off. The child fears that his own father will do the same to him for desiring his mother—a fear called castration anxiety. Because of this fear, the child represses his longing for his mother and begins to identify with his father. The child’s acceptance of his father’s authority results in the emergence of the superego. |
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| techniques of analysis in psychoanalytic psychotherapy |
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| dream, resistances, transferences, and free association |
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| a follower of Freud and a member of his inner circle, eventually broke away from Freud and developed his own school of thought, which he called individual psychology. |
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| Adler believed that the main motivations for human behavior are |
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| ...not sexual or aggressive urges, but striving for perfection. He pointed out that children naturally feel weak and inadequate in comparison to adults. This normal feeling of inferiority drives them to adapt, develop skills, and master challenges. |
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| the attempt to shed normal feelings of inferiority |
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| People with an exaggerated sense of inferiority... (Adler) |
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| ...overcompensate, which means that, rather than try to master challenges, they try to cover up their sense of inferiority by focusing on outward signs of superiority such as status, wealth, and power. |
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| (Adler) Healthy individuals... |
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| ...have a broad social concern and want to contribute to the welfare of others. |
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| (Adler) Unhealthy individuals... |
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| ...are those who are overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority. |
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| (Adler) The aim of therapy is... |
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| ...to develop a more adaptive lifestyle by overcoming feelings of inferiority and self-centeredness and to contribute more toward the welfare of others. |
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defines the self as the central organizing and motivating force in personality. As a result of receiving empathic responses from early caretakers (self-objects), a child’s needs are met and the child develops a strong sense of selfhood. “Empathic failures” by caretakers result in a lack of self-cohesion.
The objective of self psychology is to help a client develop a greater sense of self-cohesion. Through therapeutic regression, a client reexperiences frustrated self-object needs. |
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Self Psychology
Mirroring: |
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Definition
| behavior validates the child’s sense of a perfect self |
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Self Psychology
Idealization: |
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| child borrows strength from others and identifies with someone more capable |
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Self Psychology
Twinship/Twinning: |
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| child needs an alter ego for a sense of belonging |
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| focuses on the rational, conscious processes of the ego. Ego psychology is based on an assessment of a client as presented in the present (here and now). Treatment focuses on the ego functioning of a client, because healthy behavior is under the control of the ego. |
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| Ego Psychology addresses the following four things: |
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Behavior in varying situations
Reality testing: perception of a situation
Coping abilities: ego strengths
Capacity for relating to others
The goal is to maintain and enhance the ego’s control and management of stress and its effects. |
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- Margaret Mahler
- centered on relationships with others
- According to this theory, lifelong relationship skills are strongly rooted in early attachments with parents, especially mothers.
- Objects refer to people, parts of people, or physical items that symbolically represent either a person or part of a person.
- Object relations, then, are relationships to those people or items. |
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Object relations theory
Normal Autism |
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Object relations theory
Normal Symbiotic |
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Object relations theory
Separation/Individuation
(Subphase) Differentiation/Hatching |
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Object relations theory
Separation/Individuation
(Subphase) Practicing |
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Object relations theory
Separation/Individuation
(Subphase) Rapprochement |
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Object relations theory
Object Constancy |
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