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sensory fibers conveying info towards the CNS |
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motor fibers conveying info from the CNS |
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towards the tip of the head |
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towards the tip of the tail |
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upper surface of the body |
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bottom surface of the body |
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used instead of rostral for humans |
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used instead of caudal for humans |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves branch off from the cord? |
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Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) |
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cell bodies for all sensory neurons entering the spinal cord; cell bodies lie outside the CNS in the PNS |
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specific body regions which receive/project info |
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long nerves from the spinal cord that dangle down and branch off to the legs |
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opaque CNS tissue, bundle of mylinated axons |
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translucent CNS tissue, unmyelinated, occupy central region of the spinal cord |
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In the first stages of sensory processing, synaptic connections are |
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systematic and hierarchical |
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First cell in the sensory system is |
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The soma of ALL first-order neurons lie |
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outside the CNS in the PNS in the DRG |
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left brain control right side of body and vice versa; nerve fibers often cross midline to innervate structures on the other side of the body |
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when a projection crosses |
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when it stays on the same side |
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activated by noxious (damaged tissue) stimuli |
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mechanorecptors, all other somatosensory systems |
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1. first-order mechanoreceptors enter spinal cord, ascent ipsilaterally without synapsing, and ascend in dorsal column of spinal chord 2. connects with second-order cell in brainstem 3. axons of second-order cell decussate and project onto third-order in the thalamus |
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1. first-order cells are in the DRG 2. synapse onto second-order cell in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord 3. axons of the second-order decussate and then project to brainstem onto third-order cells in thalamus and reticular formation |
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The origin for motor command lies in the |
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cerebral cortex (motor cortex) |
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Final common path for motor commands is |
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in the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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project axon to contact lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
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send axons that exit the CNS and innervate the skeletal muscles |
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Cell bodies lie in the gray matter of the |
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the ventral roots, synapse on skeletal muscle |
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The synapse on skeletal muscle is exclusively |
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cholinegic (uses acetylcholine); acts excitatory in nature |
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largest neurons in mammalian brain |
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axons that leave upper motor neurons and cross the midline at the decussation of the pyramids, thus the contralateral in nature;
tracts then descend in white matter and insert into ventral horn of spinal cord & innervate lower motor neurons |
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many sources of extrapyramidal motor neurons, primarily from sub-corical and brainstem; interact with pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex and with lower motors neurons in the spinal cord; projects both contralateral and ipsilateral |
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capacity to integrate afferent input into appropriate motor output |
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A lot of integration of stimuli/responses occur at the |
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contain a stretch receptor which, when stretched, activates synapses on a lower motor neuron which in turn activates the extra fusal fiber of the same muscle to contract |
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Every muscle in the body has a |
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monosynaptic reflect (can stretch and contract) |
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Muscles exist in antagonist pairs of |
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Brain is divided into (2) |
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Forebrain is divided into (2) |
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Cortical is composed of (4) |
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frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe |
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Subcortical is composed of (4) |
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thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic lobes |
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Brainstem is composed of (4) |
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medulla, pons, reticular formation, cerebellum |
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Reticular formation is made up of (3) |
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raphe nuclei, locus coerulus, and substantia nigra |
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straddle midsagittal line in brainstem; #1 source of SEROTONIN; projects rostral and caudal |
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Locus Coerulus (blue spot) |
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small nucleus on each side of dorsal brainstem; #1 source of NOREPINEPHRINE (fight/flight); projects to cortical and subcortical regions |
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Substantia nigra (black substance) |
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ventral brainstem; major source of DOPAMINE; project to basal ganglia and limbic medial forebrain |
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caudate neucleus, putamen, globus pallidus; contain neurons that make up the extrapyramidal motor system; interact with pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex |
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Pyramidal neurons send fiber tracts directly through the |
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input from limbic and brainstem -> output to pituitary gland via the pituitary stalk (infondibulum) |
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Posterior pituitary gland |
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axon terminals from neurons in hypothalamus release peptides into blood |
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cells release peptides into blood and are controlled by neurons in hypothalamus |
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adrenel cortex (anterior) |
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mammary glands (anterior) |
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bone and muscle organs (anterior) |
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nuclei relay AUDITORY info |
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Ventralposterior lateral and medial |
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nuclei relay SOMATOSENSORY info |
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Neocortex is divided into |
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four lobes with separate functions |
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cortex rostral to the central sulcus; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX |
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cortex caudal to the central sulcus; PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX |
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caudal tip of the skull (occiput); PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX |
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separated by lateral sulus; PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX |
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lays beneath the bone and is a tough leathery membrane |
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separates/insulates blood vessels and brain tissue |
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stimuli to concentrate on novel stimuli |
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Intensity of stimulus is represented by |
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action potential frequencies |
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Each sensory system in the brain has |
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sub-cortical and cortical structures devoted to that function |
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Somatic sensation come from (3) |
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pressure, vibration, and deflection |
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free nerve endings of small, myelinated and unmyelinated fibers that transport info regarding noxious stimuli to the CNS; tissue damage depolarizes these nociceptors directly |
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transduce (other sensory neurons change physical energy in the form of pressure, stretch, or vibration) |
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Primary sensory neurons located in the DRG have |
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specialized neurites that project to the periphery that conduct action potentials |
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neurites then tranduce physical energy (pressure, stretch, vibration) into neural energy by directly depolarizing the most peripheral patch of membrane |
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conferred by pacinian corpuscle |
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homunculus (neural representation of body surface) |
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Size of body structure reflects |
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disproportional sensitivity |
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Cortical areas receiving sensory info from the body lie |
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directly across the divide from cortical regions activating motor output of the body |
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flaps of skin and cartilage that focus sound |
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AKA eardrum; separates the outer and middle ear |
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first of three bones in the middle ear |
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gets hammered by the malleus and vibrates the stirrup (stapes) |
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gets vibrated by the anvil |
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becomes deformed by the stirrup; separates the air-filled middle ear form the fluid-filled inner ear |
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fluid filled chamber in the middle of the cochlea |
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resonant structure within the cochlear duct that houses neurons that transduce sound energy into energy |
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cochlea and the vestibular apparatus |
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Depolarization of the ear |
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Utricle and saccule are involved with |
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stereocilia bent by action of calcium carbonate crystals |
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Frontal lobes are mostly associated with |
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Parietal lobes are mostly associated with |
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The pyramidal motor neurons are oriented similarly to the |
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activates axon collaterals innervating lower motor neurons in the ventral horn at several levels of the spinal cord |
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Only lower motor neurons controlling the ____ are under the sole and direct control of individual neurons in the primary motor cortex |
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The Basal Ganglia is prone to a number of diseases |
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whose symptoms always include inhibition of voluntary movements and initiation of motor movement |
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when arterioles and venules become blocked |
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total paralysis on one side of the body |
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deficit in striatal dopamine levels secreted by substantial nigra neurons; inability to initiate movement and a "pill-rolling" tremor |
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inability to initiate movement |
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effective treatment, losses effectiveness over time |
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Transplant dopaminergic tissue |
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controversial due to efficacy/donor |
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deficit in striatal cells secreting GABA and acetylcholine; excess of undesired movements & lack of muscle tone; genetic treatment; no treatment |
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exerts a precise and coordinated but limited influence over the activity of the extrapyramidal system especially with respect to motor execution |
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produce seizures (convulsive motor excitation) |
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rigid muscle constriction |
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dramatic jerking movement |
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