Term
| What are the differences in Northerners and Southerners racial attitudes ? |
|
Definition
| There was more rioting in the north; in the south there was a lot of lynching and burning. |
|
|
Term
| In the 1930's , the study of prejudice, was primarily the study of what ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Prejudice places the burden of blame on whom ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In the 1930's , they assumed that attitudes were consisted related to what ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In the 1930's ,value judgments were placed in definitions of what ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the La Pierre study that took place between 1930 and 1932 ? |
|
Definition
| He wrote letters to restaurants/hotels asking them if they'd provide services to a Chinese couple; 92% said no, but when he actually took them there, a lot of them actually served the couple. ONE OF THE VERY FIRST CASES WHICH SHOWED THAT ATTITUDE/BEHAVIOR DON'T ALWAYS LINK WITH ONE ANOTHER. |
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Term
| What was Dollard, Doob, and Associates position on explaining prejudice ? |
|
Definition
| They feel like it's frustration that leads to aggression ( in the form of prejudice) CONSIDERED THE SCAPEGOAT THEORY OF PREJUDICE. A person unfairly blamed for something that others have done. |
|
|
Term
| What does Adorno and others (1950)say in terms of explaining prejudice ? |
|
Definition
| Argues that there are basic personality differences between prejudiced and less-prejudiced people . Basically saying those who are prejudiced really just have a bad personality , compared to those whom are less-prejudiced. THIS IS AN OVER-SIMPLIFICATION , BECAUSE JUST BECAUSE THEY ARE SET IN THEIR WAYS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THEY WILL HAVE NEGATIVE ATTITUDES. ) |
|
|
Term
| Pettigrew (1985) showed that who's study was insufficient ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who introduced Right-Wing Authoritarianism as a set of attitudes rather than a personality type ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Right-Wing Authoritarianism ( RWA ) ? |
|
Definition
| Right-wing authoritarians are people who have a high degree of willingness to submit to authorities they perceive as established and legitimate, who adhere to societal conventions and norms, and who are hostile and punitive in their attitudes towards people who don't adhere to them. They value uniformity and are in favour of using group authority, including coercion, to achieve it. |
|
|
Term
| What is Authoritarian Submission ? |
|
Definition
| A high degree of submission to the authorities who are perceived to be established and legitimate in the society in which one lives. |
|
|
Term
| What is Authoritarian Aggression ? |
|
Definition
| A general aggressiveness directed at various persons, that is perceived to be sanctioned by various authorities. |
|
|
Term
| What is Conventionalism ? |
|
Definition
| A high degree of adherence to the social conventions that are perceived to be endorsed by society and its established authorities. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Social Dominance Orientation ? |
|
Definition
| An individual difference variable that reflects the extent to which one desires that one's "in-group" dominate and be superior to "out-groups" . |
|
|
Term
| What is Group-based dominance ? |
|
Definition
| Reflects the belief that one's group ought to be at the top of the societal ladder, and that other groups ought to be at the bottom. |
|
|
Term
| What is Opposition to Equality ? |
|
Definition
| The belief that the groups on the bottom should stay there. |
|
|
Term
| What does the new emphasis among social scientists on the "prejudiced personality" suggest strongly? |
|
Definition
| That changing people's attitudes was not the way to deal with racial antagonism ( hostility, active resistance) . |
|
|
Term
| In the late 1940's , what did most social scientists believe that racial integration would do ? |
|
Definition
| They felt that it was the only possible way to ease racial tensions. |
|
|
Term
| Which court case dealt with attacking the problem of integration in the 1950's? |
|
Definition
| Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, May 17, 1954 |
|
|
Term
| What was the Kenneth and Mamie Clark Doll Study of 1947? |
|
Definition
| Series of doll studies with data on over 250 little black children ; study that was conducted for court involved 16 children between ages of 6 and 9 . It found that most blacks preferred the white doll in all areas, and felt like the colored doll looked bad and was mean. THIS STUDY LED TO THE BELIEF THAT BLACK CHILDREN HAD LOW SELF-ESTEEM. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Moynihan Report ? |
|
Definition
| A report on the Black Family/Household. States that there is a "tangle of pathology" , and a "Culture of poverty" . It concluded that the relative absence of nuclear families (those having both a father and mother present) would greatly hinder further progress toward economic and political equality for African-Americans. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Coleman Report ? |
|
Definition
| To what extent are public schools racially and ethnically segregated? Do schools offer equal educational opportunities , in terms of criteria such as quality of buildings and teacher-student ratio ?( As measured by standardized achievement . which strategy was more likely to equalize educational opportunities for poor minority students-compensatory education or racial integration? Coleman's federally funded analysis, titled Equality of Educational Opportunity, concluded, first, that racial integration did little to boost academic achievement in urban schools. "Our interpretation of the data," Coleman wrote, "is that racial integration per se is unrelated to achievement insofar as the data can show a relationship." Coleman added, however, that compensatory education-whether offered in racially integrated or in racially segregated schools-was similarly unlikely to improve achievement levels. In other words, when it came to improving academic achievement in the inner city, what mattered most was neither special programs nor racial integration but, rather, family background and socio-economic status. |
|
|
Term
| What was The Kerner Report ? |
|
Definition
| This report examined violence. IT CONCLUDED THAT THE RISE OF VIOLENCE IN THE NORTH WASDUE TO BLACKS COMING IN TO THOSE CITIES. ( investigated the causes of the 1967 race riots. Its finding was that the riots resulted from black frustration at lack of economic opportunity. ; the report recommended for government programs to provide needed services, to hire more diverse and sensitive police forces and, most notably, to invest billions in housing programs aimed at breaking up residential segregation. ) |
|
|
Term
| What is "old-fashioned" racism considered as ? |
|
Definition
| Blatant racism , blatant negative portrayal , negative caricatures, Ethnopaulism ( ethnic slurs "nigger", name calling,etc. ), and "red-neck" racism. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the stereotypes of blacks in four generations ? |
|
Definition
| superstitious, lazy , ignorant, happy-go-lucky, musical, ostentatious, very religious, ( overtime ppl were less likely to endorse these items) |
|
|
Term
| What was Executive Order 11246 by President Johnson ? |
|
Definition
| Take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin” |
|
|
Term
| What was Executive Order 11246 by President Johnson serving as change and continuity in the 1970's? |
|
Definition
| Take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin” |
|
|
Term
| What is the whole equality of opportunity vs. the equality of outcome concept? |
|
Definition
| Basically the irony behind the "American Dream " stuff . It's like , yeah we may all have the same opportunity , but there are multiple factors that will stop us from having equal outcomes . ( For ex: whites will be preferred in the workplace over blacks. ) |
|
|
Term
| What is the whole concept behind Equality vs. EQUITY ? |
|
Definition
| It's a conflict between principles. Equal, identical, same...inputs should be proportional to outcomes. The "Proportionality Principle". ( Basically how white conservatives feel, because that's why they hate Affirmative Action. They feel like everything should be based off of ability and qualifications. |
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|
Term
| What was the significance of the 1972 Bakke Case ? ( Two 5-4 Decisions ) |
|
Definition
| . although the university unlawfully discriminated against a white applicant by denying him admission to its medical school solely on the basis of his race, the university may consider the race of an applicant in its admission procedure in order to attain ethnic diversity in its student body. |
|
|
Term
| What was the significance of the 2003 Grutter vs. Bollinger case? (5-4 Decision) |
|
Definition
| a landmark case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School. ; The court held that a race-conscious admissions process that may favor "underrepresented minority groups," but that also took into account many other factors evaluated on an individual basis for every applicant, did not amount to a quota system that would have been unconstitutional under Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke. |
|
|
Term
| What was the significance of the 2003 Gratz vs. Bollinger case ? (6-3 decision ) |
|
Definition
| a United States Supreme Court case regarding the University of Michigan undergraduate affirmative action admissions policy. In a 6–3 decision announced on June 23, 2003, Chief Justice Rehnquist, writing for the Court, ruled the University's point system's "predetermined point allocations" that awarded 20 points to underrepresented minorities "ensures that the diversity contributions of applicants cannot be individually assessed" and was therefore unconstitutional. |
|
|
Term
| What is Reverse Discrimination ? |
|
Definition
| the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously. For ex: ppl discriminating against whites, because they love blacks, and want to stick up for the blacks, since blacks always get discriminated against. |
|
|
Term
| Has affirmative action become affirmative discrimination ? |
|
Definition
| Kind of , because some people use it in a negative connotation , because they assume that some ppl only got certain positions because of affirmative action. So, some ay view it as a form of discrimination. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two things that Glazer suggests needs to happen w/ affirmative action? |
|
Definition
1.) Only groups who have a legitimate basis for preferential treatment should be included
2.) Asians and Hispanic groups not historically discriminated against (all Hispanic groups except Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans) should not be included |
|
|
Term
| What are Plous' Ten Myths about affirmative action ? |
|
Definition
Myth 1: The only way to create a color-blind society is to adopt color-blind policies.
Myth 2: Affirmative action has not succeeded in increasing female and minority representation.
Myth 3: Affirmative action may have been necessary 30 years ago, but the playing field is fairly level today.
Myth 4: The public doesn't support affirmative action anymore.
Myth 5: A large percentage of White workers will lose out if affirmative action is continued.
Myth 6: If Jewish people and Asian Americans can rapidly advance economically, African Americans should be able to do the same.
Myth 7: You can't cure discrimination with discrimination.
Myth 8: Affirmative action tends to undermine the self-esteem of women and racial minorities.
Myth 9: Affirmative action is nothing more than an attempt at social engineering by liberal Democrats.
Myth 10: Support for affirmative action means support for preferential selection procedures that favor unqualified candidates over qualified candidates. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tim Wise preferential treatment ? |
|
Definition
blacks should receive preferential treatment in employment and academia.
; Tim Wise is a self-described “antiracist essayist” whose career is devoted to condemning the “white racism” and “white privilege” which, in his view, infest America |
|
|
Term
| Is affirmative action still necessary ? |
|
Definition
| Uh, yes it is.. because discrimination still exists. |
|
|
Term
| During Bertrand and Mullainathan's 1300 resumes study ( Univ of Chicago Grad School) , what happened ? |
|
Definition
| Whites were 50% more likely to get called back to come and interview for the jobs. |
|
|
Term
| What did William Julius Wilson – 1978 – published book entitled “The Declining Significance of Race” do? |
|
Definition
Challenged many long-held beliefs about consequences of racism
Argued that now, one’s life chances were more affected by economic status than color of one’s skin |
|
|
Term
| What did he say in this book pertaining to Social Welfare..Charles Murray – 1984 – wrote book entitled “Losing Ground”? |
|
Definition
| Social welfare is the cause, not cure, of social problems. Welfare is a disincentive for work. |
|
|
Term
| In the book "Losing Ground", how does Charles Murray feel about people, and why social welfare is not good for them? |
|
Definition
1) respond to incentives and disincentives,
2) are not inherently hardworking or moral, and
3) must be held responsible for their actions |
|
|
Term
| In Charles Murray's book, "Losing Ground" , what was Aid For Dependent Children (AFDC) ? |
|
Definition
| a federal assistance program in effect from 1935 to 1996 created by the Social Security Act and administered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provided financial assistance to children whose families had low or no income.; Charles Murray suggested that welfare causes dependency. He argued that as welfare benefits increased, the number of recipients also increased; this behavior, he said, was rational: there is little reason to work if one can receive benefits for a long period of time without having to work.[ |
|
|
Term
| What is the "Border Patrol" game, and other blatantly racist ads/political cartoons an example of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three modern forms of racism ? |
|
Definition
| Symbolic Racism , Aversive racism/ambivalent prejudice, and Modern racism. ( S.AA.M.) |
|
|
Term
| What is Symbolic Racism ? |
|
Definition
Anti-black/Latino sentiment
strongly endorsing the traditional U.S. values of individualism reflected in the Protestant Work Ethic. (
emphasizes hard work, frugality and diligence , basically the whole , you het out what you put in type of thing. ) |
|
|
Term
| In terms of symbolic racism , what are the attitudes of resentment in 3 domains ? |
|
Definition
1) antagonism toward minority demands
2) resentment over the perception of special
favors for minorities
3) denial of continuing discrimination |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 principles of modern racism ? |
|
Definition
1) discrimination is a thing of the past
2) Blacks/Latinos are pushing too hard and too fast
3) Blacks’/Latinos tactics and demands are unfair
4) therefore, recent gains are undeserved |
|
|
Term
| What do "Modern Racists " believe ? |
|
Definition
They believe that racism is bad, and that what they believe is supported by empirical facts.
They believe that racism is only “old-fashioned racism” |
|
|
Term
| What is Aversive Racism ? |
|
Definition
A particular type of ambivalence in which there is conflict between feelings and beliefs associated with a sincerely egalitarian value system and unacknowledged negative feelings and beliefs
Feels discomfort, uneasiness, disgust, and sometimes fear in the presence of minorities or of race issues |
|
|
Term
| What do Egalitarian Attitudes include ? |
|
Definition
The belief that racism is wrong
belief in equal political, economic, social, and civil rights for all people. |
|
|
Term
| Racist values are learned earlier, whereas egalitarian values are learned...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accessing egalitarian values requires what ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it that People cannot access egalitarian values when completing implicit measures ? |
|
Definition
| Due to low cognitive resources. |
|
|
Term
| what did the Gaertner and Dovidio, 1977 study show ? |
|
Definition
| Showed that ppl were more likely to go help a white person in danger , than they would to go help a black person in danger. This study just went by actions, though. ( An example of aversive racism.) |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Aversive racists and studying them ? |
|
Definition
Have internalized egalitarian values
Access those values on explicit measures, and report low prejudice
Cannot access those values on implicit measures, and exhibit high prejudice ( Basically , explicitly , NOT prejudice, but implicitly , PREJUDICE. ) |
|
|
Term
| What does ( Aversive racists ) do for cross-racial interactions ? |
|
Definition
| Aversive racists are like the worst , and most uncomfortable racists to be around. They're a bunch of fakes. Kind of like the racists that my mom discussed before. They pretend so bad that they are not, but really are. |
|
|
Term
| In terms of antecedents of the racial worldview, what is the "rise of capitalism " ? |
|
Definition
Accumulation of money and property became fundamental goals
a cultural value
Capitalist ideology guided assault on foreign lands and treatment of indigenous people |
|
|
Term
| In terms of antecedents of the racial worldview, what is "English Ethnocentrism(belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group) and the Savage" ? |
|
Definition
Root of English racial attitudes was their experience with the Irish
Contempt for Irish culture and lifestyles
Irish hated of all that was English; much deeper than ethnocentrism
Clash between nomadic (Irish) vs. sedentary peoples (English) – different views of the world, different values, etc. Contempt and hatred for Irish exemplified by describing Irish as
“wild and inhospitable people”
“live like beasts…”
“unclean and lazy”
“did not know God nor good manners”
“incapable of being civilized”
Some Englishmen argued that Irish were better off becoming slaves of English rather than retain the brutish customs of their traditional culture |
|
|
Term
| In terms of antecedents of the racial worldview, what is "Hereditary Social Identity: Catholic Spain" ? |
|
Definition
9th century, Jews and Muslims under pressure to convert; rising Christian intolerance and persecution of Jews and Moors
Spanish use of word “race” really was ethnic (religious) differences; purity of blood meant consciousness of caste; had nothing to do with physical traits
Acceptance of ex-Jews and ex-Muslims goes against modern race ideology
All European conquerors turned to the use of the term “race”; all shared a belief that those they conquered were “savages”; all engaged in practice of slavery with Indians and imported Africans |
|
|
Term
| In terms of comparing slave systems , what is "Cultural-historical differences in colonizing Europeans" ? |
|
Definition
Evidence is seen in differences in race relations between North America (N.A.) and South (Latin) America (S.A.)
N.A. – race categories are limited in number and are socially rigid.
S.A. – “racial” terms are not race categories, but are descriptive of variations in phenotype |
|
|
Term
| In terms of comparing slave systems, what are the points that Smedley argues ? |
|
Definition
Old World systems saw slave as unfortunate but nevertheless a human being
Specific features of slavery exemplify to what degree the dominant society understood and accepted the fact of slaves’ humanity
Levels of brutality and harshness aren’t necessarily indications of whether slaves are considered human…….Why? B/c regardless of how "good" someone treats a slave, the fact that you even have them as your slave strips away all of their humanity . |
|
|
Term
| Slavery evolved in traditional societies where what ? |
|
Definition
| where the concept of power and “rights-in-or-over persons” was part of beliefs about human relationships |
|
|
Term
| What were the different types of slavery ? |
|
Definition
Slavery in Africa – enslaved persons often absorbed into kin group of conquerors
Debt slavery – voluntary entry into servitude to work off debts
Slavery as punishment for crimes |
|
|
Term
| What are the Features of a society that recognizes and accepts the slave as a human being ? |
|
Definition
Possibility of manumission
Right to marriage
Right to hold or own property
Access to training or education
Special rights or protection for slave women and their children by their masters |
|
|
Term
What was Colonial Slavery Under the Spanish and Portuguese – Old World/Latin America
like? |
|
Definition
Indians initially used as slave labor
More Africans imported (bozales)
While contact b/w Indians and Africans was regulated, there were no laws that strictly prohibited intermarriage
Intermixture of peoples resulted in distinct names given to various combinations
Prejudice and discrimination existed based on skin color; however, skin color did not become “racial” classifications but synonymous w/ social rank |
|
|
Term
| What was the English Experience of Slavery – New World/North America ? |
|
Definition
Feared the consequences of freeing large numbers of slaves
No rights to redress against cruel or unusual punishment; could not sue or request to be sold to another master (unlike Latin colonies)
Slave woman’s children (by masters) could not be liberated, accepted as part of family, or be heirs to their father’s property (unlike Latin colonies)
Indians excluded from assimilation (unlike Latin colonies) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Rule of hypo-descent ? |
|
Definition
| children are accorded the lower status of their mothers |
|
|
Term
| What is it that American slave owners never came to accept ? |
|
Definition
| American slave owners never came to accept fully the concept of slaves having natural rights that might supercede the property rights of the master |
|
|
Term
What is the Study of human behavior
? |
|
Definition
| What factors cause some people to think and behave in one way and other people to think and behave in other ways? |
|
|
Term
What is a Research strategy
? |
|
Definition
a general approach to doing research
defined in terms of how data are collected |
|
|
Term
What are the Strategies most commonly used in research on prejudice
? |
|
Definition
correlational studies
experiments
ethnographic studies
content analysis |
|
|
Term
| what is a Self-Report measure ? |
|
Definition
| Asking people about their attitudes, opinions, and behaviors and then recording what they say |
|
|
Term
What is the Most commonly used method of assessing stereotypes and prejudice
? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the Three ways of assessing stereotypes
? |
|
Definition
content of beliefs
(Stereotype checklists)
probability ratings
(How likely or unlikely they think it is that group members have various characteristics)
free response measures
(Respondents make their own lists of characteristics) |
|
|
Term
In terms of assessing prejudice, what is a Attitude questionnaires
? |
|
Definition
| respondents rate the extent to which they agree or disagree with statements about groups |
|
|
Term
| In terms of assessing prejudice through attitude questionnaries , what is the problem ? |
|
Definition
| leads to socially desirable response |
|
|
Term
What Developed more subtle measures related to prejudice
? |
|
Definition
beliefs indicating resentment toward a group
beliefs about social polices
beliefs that members of other groups violate values that respondents see as important |
|
|
Term
| What is racial attitude ? |
|
Definition
consists of how one categorizes a racial group or member of a racial group along an evaluative dimension of positivity or negativity
Association in memory between a given object and a given summary evaluation of the object
Can be activated |
|
|
Term
| Where are attitudes derived from ? |
|
Definition
Cognitive information
(Beliefs about the group)
Affective information
(How we feel about the group)
Past information
(How we have previously behaved toward the group) |
|
|
Term
| When measuring racial attitudes , we will deal with ? |
|
Definition
Changes over time of racial attitudes
Public expression of attitudes
(What we say)
Privately held attitudes
(What we feel and believe) |
|
|
Term
| What was one of the mixed findings of the modern racism scale ? |
|
Definition
| All subjects regardless of MRS showed automatic reaction to the African American stereotype activation stereotype by judging an individual as more hostile (Devine) |
|
|
Term
| what are the advantages of self-report measures ? |
|
Definition
| easy to administer, many ppl can complete them @ the same time, can cover multiple topics & behaviors in a variety of situations. |
|
|
Term
| What are some disadvantages of self-report measures ? |
|
Definition
| easy for people to edit what they say , and to conceal their true attitudes and opinions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anonymous...reduces socially desirable responding on questionnaires. |
|
|
Term
| Unobtrusive and implicit cognition measures mask what ? |
|
Definition
| ,ask what is being measured or measure physiological responses that are difficult for ppl to control ( for ex: heart rate , blood pressure, twitching of the eyes, sweating , etc. ) |
|
|
Term
| What are unobtrusive measures, and what are the 2 forms ? |
|
Definition
| measures that seem unrelated to prejudice , or the research study taking place , the 2 forms are behavior and judgment. |
|
|
Term
| What can self-report measures assess ? |
|
Definition
Self-report measures can assess how people say they behave or would behave
how often they have performed various behaviors
how they would respond in various situations |
|
|
Term
| What is Behavorial Measures, and what are some examples ? |
|
Definition
Assessing what people do can assess discrimination and prejudice
Examples of behavioral measures
seating distance
symbolic distance
eye contact and leaning toward or away from another person during conversation
giving and asking for help
aggression |
|
|
Term
| What are judgment measures, and what are some examples ? |
|
Definition
Uses participants’ evaluations of other people in a context that appears to be unrelated to prejudice
e.g., reviewing resumes of job applicants and deciding who should be hired |
|
|
Term
| What is physiological measures , and what are some examples ? |
|
Definition
Assess changes in body’s responses to a stimulus
can distinguish between positive and negative emotional reactions to a stimulus
can indicate the intensity of the reaction.
Examples
heart rate and blood pressure, electrical conductivity of the skin, voice pitch, small movements of the facial muscles, eye blink rate, and brain imaging
Advantage: most physiological reactions are beyond voluntary control |
|
|
Term
| What are Implicit cognition measures ? |
|
Definition
Assesses the degree to which concepts are associated with one another in memory
Works without participants’ awareness of what is being measured, so it is difficult to control
Strong difference in strength of association indicates a strong prejudice
compares association between African American and pleasant or unpleasant vs. white and pleasant or unpleasant |
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of implicit cognition measures ? |
|
Definition
priming
implicit association test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposing a prime or stimulus that activates concepts associated with the category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stimulus associated with a stigmatized group and with a nonstigmatized group |
|
|
Term
| What is the Dependent variable of a implicit cognition measure ? |
|
Definition
speed at which people recognize positive and negative words associated with the primes
faster response = stronger association |
|
|
Term
| What is the Implicit association test ? |
|
Definition
assesses extent to which unassociated concepts makes responding more difficult
response competition
two responses compete against one another, a habitual response and an opposing response
the stronger the habitual response, the longer it takes to suppress it and make the opposing response |
|
|
Term
| Self-Report vs. Physiological & Implicit Cognition Measures ?? |
|
Definition
There is a low correlation between scores on self-report measures and scores on physiological and implicit measures
People are able to control responses on self-report measures when motivated
Physiological and implicit measures are automatic, and people have little control over responses
Measures different things: controlled vs. uncontrolled expressions of attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of simplifying the environment by creating categories on the basis of characteristics that a set of people have in common |
|
|
Term
| What are some beliefs about categorization ? |
|
Definition
People develop beliefs about members of these groups
They then use these beliefs to guide future interactions with social group members |
|
|
Term
| What are Schemas , and what do they influence ? |
|
Definition
cognitive structures that contain a person’s knowledge and beliefs about a particular object or social group
Schemas influence what people pay attention to, how they organize information, and what they later remember |
|
|
Term
| What are the two aspects of categorization ? |
|
Definition
content: What characteristics are associated with particular groups?
process: What is the process by which people form and use social categories |
|
|
Term
What the most basic cognitive distinction
? |
|
Definition
| Ingroup and outgroup distinction |
|
|
Term
| What is the minimal group paradigm ? |
|
Definition
| ingroups and outgroups can be created from the most minimal conditions |
|
|
Term
| What is in-group favoritism ? |
|
Definition
| viewing one’s group as more deserving than the “other” group |
|
|
Term
| Prejudice may be more about what ? |
|
Definition
| in-group favoritism than out-group antipathy |
|
|
Term
| what is the outgroup homogeneity effect ? |
|
Definition
People tend to see members of their own group as very different from one another, but underestimate the difference between members of other groups
People believe outgroup members have similar traits and occupy similar social roles |
|
|
Term
| What are the Reasons for the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect ? |
|
Definition
People interact more with their own group members and have more information about their unique qualities
Interactions with ingroup members provide more information about their unique characteristics
People are motivated to see themselves as unique and look for ways to distinguish themselves from their group to maintain their individuality
Ingroup vs. outgroup comparisons are typically made at the group level |
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Term
| What is The Ultimate Attribution Error? |
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Definition
Biased judgments that occur when people assume that their own group’s negative behavior can be explained by situational factors, but similar negative actions by members of other groups are due to their internal stable characteristics
Positive behaviors by an outgroup are dismissed as due to special advantages, luck, or unusual characteristics of the situation
The same positive behaviors by an ingroup are attributed to stable personality traits
Behavior of a single minority group member may also significantly influence how members of the entire social group are viewed
Observing a single instance of a negative behavior involving a member of an outgroup led people to evaluate all members of that group negatively |
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Term
| what is Social Role Theory ? |
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Definition
| People observe others and pay attention to the social roles these others occupy, associating the characteristics of the role with the individuals who occupy it |
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Term
| what is the correspondence bias ? |
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Definition
- the tendency to misjudge the demands of the situation...
people give relatively little weight to how transient situational factors constrain behavior and believe someone’s actions reflect that person’s stable personality
social role theory proposes that this leads to the development of stereotypic beliefs |
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Term
| What is the Illusory correlation ? |
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Definition
beliefs that incorrectly link two characteristics
people’s tendency to overestimate the relationship between two categories when the information is distinctive, or stands out, within the context of the judgment
firmly held as accurate associations but are based on inaccurate information processing
Once these associations are made, they may be very difficult to change and may set the stage for how additional information is processed |
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Term
| What are some of the sources of stereotypic beliefs ? |
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Definition
Parents and peers
social learning theory
people learn about social behavior either directly (by being rewarded or punished for their actions) or vicariously (by observing the consequences of others’ behavior)
they retain those beliefs and behaviors that are rewarded and discontinue those beliefs that result in punishment
The media is saturated with stereotypes
The more TV children watch, the more they hold gender and racial stereotypes
Adults’ perceptions are similarly related to how much media they are exposed to |
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Term
| What are the 3 functions of stereotypes ? |
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Definition
Stereotypes can function in three ways
cognitive function
ego-defensive function
social adjustment function |
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Term
| what is cognitive function ? |
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Definition
People categorize others because their cognitive resources are limited
Schemas provide useful shortcuts in making decisions about others
Knowledge function
stems from the need to maintain a meaningful, stable, and organized view of the world |
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Term
| What is ego-defensive function ? |
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Definition
Serve to protect an individual’s self-concept against both internal and external threats
People sometimes derogate outcomes as a way to feel better about themselves
May occur because people project their own negative feelings onto members of other groups |
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Term
| What is self-adjustment function ? |
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Definition
The norms and expectations from social groups sometimes direct people how to think and feel about others
The need to fit in with social groups keep people from expressing beliefs that counter those of their social group |
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Term
| How do stereotypes maintain ? |
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Definition
People are generally resistant to stereotype change
Stereotypes can change under certain conditions
Understanding the functions stereotypes serve can facilitate change |
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Term
| What is the Perception and Recall of Social Information ? |
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Definition
People recall information better when
it violated their expectations
they are engaged in a complex judgment
they are asked to recall traits rather than behaviors
their goal is to remember specific information rather than form an overall impression |
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Term
| Why do children form social categories ? |
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Definition
Children form categories to simplify the world and free up mental resources
Categorization helps children develop an accurate picture of their social world |
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Term
| What are the two types of social categories ? |
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Definition
explicit awareness – conscious
implicit awareness – unconscious or preverbal |
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Term
| What are the Implicit Awareness of Social Categories ? |
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Definition
Children implicitly recognize differences between basic social categories without being able to verbalize those differences
infants can detect differences.
Fagan and Singer’s (1979) research using the habituation paradigm suggests that gender and age, but not race, are meaningful categories for infants
Infants are implicitly aware of some social categories by 6 months of age
Suggests the ability to form social categories is an innate process |
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Term
| What are the Explicit Awareness of Social Categories ? |
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Definition
Gender category awareness
researchers asked young children to classify photos of people based on gender
results showed that children use gender labels appropriately by 2½ or 3 years of age
Racial category awareness
doll technique – children are presented with two (or more) dolls and asked to identify which one looks like a white child
regardless of their own ethnicity, by age 4 or 5, children can use the racial categories “black” and “white” correctly, and between 5 and 9 for other racial groups
Research suggests that children become aware of racial categories because they see adults responding differently to people of different races |
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Term
| Describe the basis of children's preferences |
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Definition
The basis of children’s preferences are not always clear
may be due to attitudes or based on some other social, emotional, or cognitive process
children categorized other children differently depending on the reason for the category formation
e.g., categories in general or categories of playmates |
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Term
| What are the Methodological Issues ? |
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Definition
forced choice method – the participant must choose one of two options presented.
e.g., Color Meaning Test (CMT) and Preschool Racial Attitude Measure (PRAM II)
preference of one choice does not necessarily mean rejection of the other
continuous measure – the participant has a range of options to make finer-grained distinctions and assess complex judgments
e.g., social distance scale
sociometric ratings – research procedure that measures peer status
best friend procedure
identify best friends from list of all classmates
gender and race of named friends are recorded
problem in that not being named as a “best friend” is not the same as being disliked
results tend to be similar, but differ from self-report research
sociometric ratings
roster and rating procedure
children are given all of their classmates’ names and asked to use a continuous scale to rate how much they like to interact (play or work) with each student |
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Term
| What are White Children's Attitudes ? |
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Definition
White children develop racial attitudes, both positive and negative, between ages 3 and 4
Ingroup and outgroup attitudes seem to be distinct sets of attitudes
Racial prejudice reaches its highest level around 4 or 5 years of age, and then declines sometime between age 6 and 9 |
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Term
| what are Black Children's Attitudes ? |
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Definition
Also develop racial attitudes at 3 or 4 years old
Show less stability than white children in their racial preference patterns
no typical ethnic attitudinal pattern has been found for 5- to 7-year-old African American children
pro-African American attitudes, pro-white attitudes, and unbiased attitudes can occur
between ages 7 and 10, African American children typically show more pro-African American or unbiased attitudes |
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Term
| What are the attitudes of children from other groups ? |
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Definition
Preference patterns for children of other races are less consistent than they are for white children
Mexican American and Asian children show attitudinal patterns similar to those of African American children
Biracial children did not significantly differ from African American or white children in their racial attitudes, although African American and white children differed significantly from one another
Regardless of race, all children acquire racial preferences and attitudes between 3 and 5 years of age |
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Term
| Describe Inter-Group behavior. |
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Definition
Both African American and white children designate best friends on the basis of race starting in 1st grade
Racial segregations increases between age 6 and 8, and is at a peak in 6th to 8th grades
The majority of high school students report having positive cross-race interactions at school, but less than half report having them outside of school |
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Term
| What are the 3 theories of prejudice development ? |
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Definition
social learning theory
inner state theories
cognitive developmental theories |
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Term
| What is the Social Learning Theory ? |
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Definition
Explains prejudice in terms of direct reinforcement, modeling and imitation, and vicarious learning
Direct teaching of prejudice is not very common
Prejudiced attitudes more often come from indirect teaching of prejudice from family and peers, and symbolic models in the media |
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Term
| What are Inner-Sate Theories ? |
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Definition
Focuses on the development of prejudice in terms of age-related changes in personality and other individual-difference variables
Proposes that prejudice is caused by something inside the person, such as personality
Psychoanalytic theorists propose that child-rearing practices lead to authoritarianism and social dominance orientation
Genetics also influence personality
inherited predispositions and childhood experiences may play a role in the development of authoritarianism, SDO, and prejudice.
Authoritarian beliefs may also be acquired through socialization
two main sources of social learning are parents and personal experience |
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Term
| What are some Cognitive Developmental theories ? |
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Definition
Suggests changes in prejudice are the result of cognitive growth
Emphasizes the ongoing interplay between children’s mental development and their environment; nature vs. nurture
The development of prejudice involves discontinuous, or abrupt, shifts that correspond to cognitive stages
Piaget’s theory describes the development of prejudice as shifts through stages
egocentric – assuming everyone experiences the world the way they do
sociocentric – focusing on their own social group
reciprocal thought – holding beliefs that outgroup members’ beliefs about them reflect their beliefs about the outgroup
As the nature of children’s thinking changes in each stage, so does the way they conceptualize prejudice |
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Term
| What is the Drop-Off in prejudice ? |
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Definition
Several factors can be involved in the drop-off of prejudice around ages 7 or 8
real change might be taking place
or as children age, they begin to pick up on societal cues that prejudice is bad and so develop the motivation to control prejudice |
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Term
| So where does prejudice come from ? |
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Definition
Social learning, inner states, and cognitive development probably all play a role in the development of prejudice
There is no complete understanding of how prejudice develops in children |
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