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| A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses (a nerve cell) |
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| a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body |
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| the nucleus-containing central part of a neuron exclusive of its axons and dendrites that is the major structural element of the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord, the ganglia, and the retina |
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| the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells |
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| an electrical insulator that speeds nerve impulses to muscles and other effectors |
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| a neuron are the small knobs at the end of an axon that release chemicals called neurotransmitters |
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| a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure |
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| a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter |
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| an organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimulus and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve |
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| the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell |
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| The fact that neurons fire down the complete length of the cell if a sufficient level of excitatory impulses are received |
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| Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles,Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory |
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| chemical that influences voluntary movement, learning, pleasure, memory |
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| chemical inhibiting the transmission of pain, often experienced during exercise |
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| "mood molecule"; chemical that affects regulation asleep, dreaming, mood, hunger, pain, and aggressive behavior; and attaches to many receptors |
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| too much gaba causes seizures. like all neurotransmitters, helps to carry nerve signals across a synapse |
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| too much causes seizure. is an amino acid that acts as a neurotransmitter |
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| is a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress. |
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| This allows us to detect the location and magnitude of brain activity involved in the various types of cognitive functions we study.view and record the changes in your brain activity during the time you are performing the task |
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| a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body |
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| a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task |
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| a technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. f MRI scans show brain functions |
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| a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissues. MRI scans show brain anatomy |
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| portion of the brain that contains the pons, cerebellum and medulla, and is responsible for regulating basic human functions |
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| the base of the brain stem, controls heartbeat and breathing |
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| contains centers for the control of vital processes, including respiration and cardiovascular functions |
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| The "little brain" at the rear of the brain stem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance |
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| a small central part of the brain stem, developing from the middle of the primitive or embryonic brain |
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| A nerve network in the brain stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
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| the anterior part of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus |
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| The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brain stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
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| A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward |
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| part of the limbic system; linked to emotion, especially fear and anger |
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| part of the limbic system; involved in memory |
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| associated with emotions and drives |
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| ultimate control & information processing center; it is what distinguishes us from animals |
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| is responsible for controlling the right side of the body |
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| refers to the fact that the two halves of the human brain are not exactly alike. |
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| The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
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| speaking, muscle movements, plans & judgements |
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| in the frontal lobe, left hemisphere; directs muscle movements involved in speech |
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| In the left temporal lobe; involved in language comprehension and expression |
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| controls voluntary movements at the back of the frontal lobe |
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| registers and processes body sensation |
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| visual areas, receives visual information from the opposite fields |
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| located one above each kidney; composed of two sections |
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| These are identical twins, occurs from the division of one fertilized egg into two embryos, and are genetically identical |
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| the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes |
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