Term
| Public health is concerned with |
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Definition
| the health of the community as a whole |
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Term
| What is public health's primary mission? |
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Definition
| To prevent injury and disease |
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Term
| What does public health do to assure populations stay healthy |
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Definition
| monitor and diagnose the health concerns of entire communities |
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Term
| Public health contiuum affected by : |
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Definition
| Genetics, demographic characteristics, enviroment, nutrition, social enviroment, age and behavior |
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Term
| Order of public continuum and what it represents |
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Definition
**Total health (top) to subclinical discession to clinical horizon to death
**evaluates how a person goes from total health to death |
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Term
| The ultimate goal of public health is to |
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Definition
| alter to natural history of a disease in a favorable way |
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Term
| Cheapest : Measures taken to prevent a disease from starting. Example |
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Definition
| Primary prevention by education. Ex- saftey glasses to prevent injury |
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Term
Secondary prevention
- who does this
- example |
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Definition
stop subclinical disease from becoming symptomatic or passable to others
-healthcare practitioners
- screenings for early detection |
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Term
| health policy, epidemiology, behavioral science and global health are examples of : |
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Definition
| public health disciplines |
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Term
| Three reasons why we need to know about public ? |
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Definition
disease prevalence, probable outcomes and behavior
so that we can make informative descicions |
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Term
| Define epidemiology. Started when and give two other exaples |
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Definition
| Study of the distribution and determinants of disease. Started in biblical times and seen in bubonic plague (1400s) and yelow fever (1700s) |
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Term
| Who was john snow and what did he do? |
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Definition
| Father of epidemiology and hypothesized Cholera was due to contaminated water was a source. Looked at age and sex. |
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Term
| In early epidemiology, rate was defined as |
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Definition
| fequency of events that occured in a defined period of time/ population at risk |
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Term
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Definition
| ( # poeple dying / # poeple in the group) x unit time |
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Term
| This seeks to make clinical decisions based on best evidence and unbiased info. Integration of that best is : |
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Definition
describes evidence based healthcare.
the best : research or evidence, clinical expertise and patient values |
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Term
| To understand and apply epidemiologcal concepts, one must |
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Definition
| get info, assess the quality of that info in publications and determine the validity of into |
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Term
Ivestigation, literature search and cross referencing are important to:
What is the importance of research |
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Definition
| important to validate teacher's advice. Research is important in the "art" of science and evidence and scientific practice |
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Term
| All observations, diagnosis and prognosis are influenced by chance. The skill of clinician affect ___. Prognosis and treatment vary depending on _____. |
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Definition
diagnoses
personal factors |
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Term
| instead of saying that something "caused" it, you would say |
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Definition
| something may increase the risk of a disease |
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Term
| Henneken and Buring casual inference factor evaluate: (5) |
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Definition
| Strength of association, biological plausibility, agreement with accepted knowledge, time sequence, dose response |
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Term
The degree in which one vairbale is related to the other is ___.
how can this be determined?
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Definition
| Strength of association and determines by risk, correlation coefficent, regresson, difference in groups |
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Term
| Biological plausibility and Ex |
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Definition
does this relationship make sense scientifically?
Ex: antioxidants for AMD
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Term
| What must you rule out before making a causual inference? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bias where subjects may not be representative for target population and how it is avoided |
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Definition
| Selection bias and prevented by designing a study useing random sampling methods |
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Term
| Problem where a bias can be a part associated with both exposure and disease and is controlled by.. |
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Definition
| confounding bias and controlled aslo by design in data analysis |
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Term
| bias measurement error in two forms. |
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Definition
| infomation bias that can be differential misclassification with tools or non differential misclassification that is lack of prescicion |
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Term
| Statistics is a set of math tools to : (5) |
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Definition
summarize, describe, compare, interpret
datasets |
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Term
| Person, place and time charactierizes |
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Definition
| distribution in a population |
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Term
| The most important determenant and 5 others |
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Definition
| Age, sex, race, marital status, religion and occupation |
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Term
| When looking at "place" on what levels would we look (4) |
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Definition
| world-wide, regionally, locally and urban vs. rural |
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Term
| when looking at "time", we look at |
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Definition
| short term, recurrent/periodical/seasonal and long term |
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Term
| a categorical value where there is no order like female, male, white, black |
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Definition
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Term
| Categorical value but there is order like 1,2,3 or mild moderate to severe |
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Definition
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Term
| Continuous variables are assocaite with |
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Definition
| fractions, decimals and continuoous numbers |
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Term
| Statistical testing is used to ? this is based on? |
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Definition
| make an inference about a population and based on info obtained from samples |
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Term
| Because you cannot test the entire population, use a subset called ____ chosen carefully to represent the entire population |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| average of distribution values : mean, median and mode |
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Term
mean( outliers can skew)
median
mode |
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Definition
mean: sum of all values (x)/ number of values (n)
median: is the middle of ordered #
mode: the most common value |
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Term
| When is the mean preferred? |
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Definition
| for normally distributed samples or parametric data |
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Term
| When there is high variability, what is prefered? |
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Definition
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Term
| when comparing two groups, what is it important to do ? |
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Definition
| compare means to means and medians to medians |
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Term
| What does a bell-shaped curve mean? |
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Definition
| that the mean, median and mode are equal and 68 percent of the population lie within one SD |
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Term
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Definition
| summarizes how much the values differ from the average |
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Term
The difference between the lowest value and the largest value
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Definition
| Range : useful for where values lie |
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Term
Standard deviation
- define each level |
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Definition
average deviation of all values from the mean in a bell-shaped curve
one SD - 65 percent
twoSD-95 percent
three SD- 98 percent |
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Term
| the standard deviation squared |
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Definition
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Term
Confidence interval measure variability for____?
what interval is most commonly used? |
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Definition
normally distribte ( parametric) data
usually 95 percent interval and p-value |
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Term
| Occasional disease, irregular |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disease stays in population at low frequency |
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Term
| sudden outbreak in disease about typical level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| epidemic over wide area ( may be the entire world) |
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Term
| all reported cases of disease , illness and disability |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reported deaths dueto a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| smoking, overweight, diabetes, high blood pressure, risky behavior |
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Term
| Why are some prevalences low? |
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Definition
| because it could be serious enough to kill off people quickly |
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Term
| leading causes of death worldwide vary depending on : |
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Definition
| developement of the country, income, education, health services |
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Term
| High income have what top 5 leading causes of death. And not including.. |
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Definition
coronary heart disease
cancer
stroke
chronicpulmonary disease
diabetes
DOES NOT include HIV and AIDS |
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Term
| Causes of death in middle-income countries in order are: |
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Definition
| Stroke, coronary heart disease, chronic pulmonary disease, ower respiratory infection and HIV/AIDS |
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Term
| Causes of death in low-income countries in order from most prevalent to least is: |
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Definition
| Coronary heart disease, lower respiratory infection, HIV/AIDS, perinatal conditions, stroke |
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Term
| What country has a high infant mortality-rate |
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Definition
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Term
___ in the world are visually impaired
___ impaired with uncorrected refractive error with VA's worse than 20/70 |
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Definition
161 million people
259 million estimated |
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Term
What factor makes visual impairment unequally distributed ?
Childhood blindness remains a significant problem because...? |
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Definition
Age creates unequal distribution
problem because "blind years" where 1.4 million blind children below age 15. |
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Term
| What distribution of visual impairment is relative to gender? |
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Definition
| Suggest that at all ages, females have a significantly higher risk of being visually impaired than males |
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Term
| With geographical matters visual impairment is not distributed unimformly. More than what percent of the world's impaired |
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Definition
| 90 percent of the world's visually impaired live in developing countries |
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Term
The leading cause of blind is ____
what is second leading cause ____
what is 3rd leading cause of blind___ |
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Definition
cataracts
glaucoma
age-related macular degeneration ( but becoming the leading cause ) |
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Term
| Where is the prevalence of cataracts higher ? |
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Definition
| countries near the equator, countries that have difficulty in health care access |
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Term
| Countries with higher number of black inhabitants have a higher prevalence of : |
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Definition
| Primary open angle glaucoma ( POAG) |
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Term
| Leading cuase of legal blindness for people over 50 in the western world is ___ |
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Definition
| ARMD and is ranked third globally |
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Term
| Leading cause of permanent impairment of central vision amoud Americans older than 65... |
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Definition
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Term
How many workers experience job-related eye injuries/day?
what were percent of occupational eye injuries could be precented with protective eyewear? |
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Definition
2,000 US workers
90 % of eye injuries could be prevented |
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Term
| Causes for visual impairment for children in developing countries: (3) |
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Definition
| Retinopathy of prematurity, genetic albanism ad traumatics |
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Term
| Causes of children visual impairment in "developing " countries ( 4) |
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Definition
| xerophthalmia (vit a defieciency), onchoceriasis, measles and trachoma |
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Term
| How does poverty affect visual impairment? |
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Definition
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Term
what percent of blindness is preventable?
what percent of child blindness is preventable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two types of studies are considered observational? |
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Definition
Follow-up (Co-hort)
and case-control |
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Term
Follow-up study
-individuals with what two statii
- followed from what time to what time |
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Definition
- exposed and non-exposed
- time zero to time (r) |
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Term
| Common closing date due to : (4) |
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Definition
gets the disease
dies
becomes lost to follow up
biologically leave the pool ( i.e surgery) |
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Term
Experimental study vs Follow-up
- does not control what ?
-no ____
- what is more of a problem |
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Definition
-does not control status of people
- no randomization
- more bias and confounding |
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Term
-limitations of external comparison group
- use of inernal group |
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Definition
- too many people could be exposed
-preferred over over external |
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Term
| incidence rate it determine by what equation? |
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Definition
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Term
-dose is based on:
- natural exposure can be used if: |
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Definition
-duration of exposure and intensity
- natural used if the exposure data is too large |
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Term
-case control study design is a common..
-purppose of a case control study |
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Definition
- observational study
-investigate associations between exposures and disease that that etiology can be better understood. |
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Term
-cases for control are chosen based on
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Definition
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Term
-Controls should be..
-do not choose controls whose history ...
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Definition
- drawn from the same population
-is known |
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Term
population based controls strength
pop based control limitation |
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Definition
exposure history reflects the exposure history of the population
may have little interest in what is being studied so info may be poor
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