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Definition
| Certain kinds of organic matter become putrid and then give off a stench, which transfers disease. |
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Definition
| Some living organism is causing disease |
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Definition
| the creation of a central public health administration which directed local authorities in the provision of drains, sewers, street cleaning and the environmental regulation of housing, nuisances and offensive trades. |
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Definition
| Patient must know exactly what will be done to them and consent to the procedure. |
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Definition
o 399 African American Men (Sharecroppers) were recruited for a study. All have syphilis. Half were given known-toxic treatment, other half were enrolled in a no-treatment group. Regularly given dangerous spinal taps to check out their spinal condition.
o All were informed that they were being given treatment
o Deception – being told that they had bad blood, and this was the last chance for special treatment. There was also already a cure (Penicillin)
o Given regular check-ups and a $35 funeral fee (no life-insurance or banking for black people. |
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Definition
o Injecting twins with similar diseases
o Putting people in very hot or very cold water to test endurance
o Data was taken by U.S. military and is used now for things such as missions at high altitudes |
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Term
| Bacteriological Revolution |
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Definition
| beginning in the 1870's, involved the discovery that sub-microscopic organisms were the main cause for disease. Beginning of disinfection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that is befalling society. Refers to a high concentration of incidents. |
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Definition
| Situations when there is very high prevalence. Many total cases, such as malaria. Consistently high levels of infection over a period of time. |
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Definition
| Epidemic at a large geographical scale, such as bird flu. Happens across many countries. |
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Definition
| Separation of people who have a contagious illness from those who are healthy. applies only to people who are known to have an illness |
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Definition
| Separation of those who have been exposed to an illness but who may or may not become ill from those who are healthy. |
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Definition
| • 1893 NYC health department study – half of all well-people in families with diphtheria are carriers. Found that people can contract the disease from these carriers. (Typhoid Mary) |
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Term
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Definition
| an early, rudimentary vaccine. You take a pustule from someone’s skin who has a minor strand of the disease and rub it in someone else’s nose, mouth, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Introduction of a substance or microorganism into the body to generate growth of various kinds of biochemical agents that aid in immunity and prevention. Such as nasal spray or vaccines |
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Term
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Definition
| To remove or destroy permanently (ex. smallpox - a triumph of management not medicine) |
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Term
| Features of Public Health vs. Clinical Medicine |
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Definition
Clinical - Individual, Diagnose and Treat, Emergency, Technology
Public Health - Addresses whole population, community, govern, prevention, policy |
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Term
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Definition
| a method used to ensure that two study groups are similar with regards to "nuisance" factors that might distort or confound a relationship that is being studied. |
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Term
| Three core functions of Public Health |
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Definition
| Assessment, policy development, and assurance |
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Term
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Definition
| Connecticut was not allowing access to BIRTH CONTROL for women. Supreme court decided this was not allowed. Stated there is a limit to police power that applies most of all to family and privacy. |
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Term
| National Institute of Health |
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Definition
| an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related RESEARCH. The goal of NIH research is to acquire new knowledge to help prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat disease and disability. |
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Definition
| Works to protect public health and safety by providing information to enhance health decisions, and it promotes health through partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. The CDC focus national attention on developing and applying disease prevention and control (especially infectious diseases and foodborne pathogens and other microbial infections), environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and education activities designed to improve the health of the people of the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| independent, nonprofit organization that works outside of government to provide unbiased and authoritative advice to decision makers and the public |
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Term
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Definition
| Ogden had a monopoly on river transport. Court ruled that state is not allowed to give one person a monopoly. Police power doesn't allow this, but does allow state to quarantine someone if they transport something dangerous. |
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Term
| Jacobson v. Massachusetts |
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Definition
| Mass. passes law saying everyone must get smallpox VACCINATION, but Jacobson says it is against his religion. Government cannot force someone to vaccinate, but can enforce that one must be vaccinated to attend public school. |
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Term
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Definition
| the legal principle that the state must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person under the law |
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Definition
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws
o San Francisco wooden Laundromat seen as a fire hazard. Public right to safety, but also unequal to Chinese Laundromat owners. Private Property vs. Public Health |
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Term
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Definition
| get infectious disease under control to have the population growth and economic growth that a community wants |
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Term
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Definition
| cholesterol controlling medications, high blood pressure, etc, have made risks of heart attack much lower. However, from a public health perspective this may not be the way to deal with this. Instead want to prevent these symptoms of obesity, by helping people to lose weight. |
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Term
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Definition
– social structures (economic, political, legal, religious, and cultural) that stop individuals, groups and societies from reaching their full potential. This is a political issue, and an issue of what it means to be a global citizen
• Paul Farmer/ Structural Violence – it is more than what is going on in the doctor’s office, there are socioeconomic factors and legal bonds preventing some people from having equal care to other.
o Epilepsy in china is very stigmatized. Not just a problem of medicine but a problem of culture |
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Term
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Definition
Immunization and vaccination
Screening to prevent further infection
Environmental modification – new drainage facilities for the county fair
Treatment
Prohibitive policies (no driving younger than 16) |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria commonly found in lower intestines of animals. Human consumes feces of animal infected with the bacteria. Most strains are harmless but one causes food poisoning.
• E. coli at the county fair in New York
o People got E. coli from snow cones. The workers had poop on their boots and brought E. coli in. |
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Term
| Illinois repeals requirement for prenuptial AIDs screening |
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Definition
• Cost is very inefficient.
• Doing screening on a group that is not particularly at-risk. Government prioritizes protecting this hetero-normative family types rather than the group that is actually at risk.
• Also, not much treatment they could give to these people at the time, and they are not likely to transmit it to others because they are entering a monogamous relationship.
• Mental health cost of false positives |
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Term
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Definition
| Amish children are exempt from compulsory education laws |
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Term
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Definition
| The right to practice religion freely does not include liberty to expose the community to communicable disease. You cannot circumvent a vaccination requirement that a public school has. |
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Term
| Church of Lukumi Babalu v. Hialeah |
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Definition
| Exemption to food safety laws for some African and Caribbean religious traditions. Preferred position to religion gave them permission to slaughter chickens even though it is against the law. |
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Definition
| Upheld municipal requirement for parade permits – No yelling “fire” in a crowded theater. Freedom of speech is limited when it can affect the public health. Religious group in New Hampshire was having parades to talk about their religion, but causing obstacles for pedestrians. Supreme court ruled that they need permits. |
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Term
| Brown v. Board of Education |
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Definition
| Supreme Court decided that separate and unequal is a violation of Due Process |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex. Someone who owns property next to you does something that you don’t like what do you do? British common law in 1600s came up with a process (Nuisance board that would come up with a solution like Judge Judy). We are not allowed to use police power, such as arresting our neighbors. |
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Term
| Phases of Public Health History |
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Definition
• General health Protection
• The Sanitary Movement 1800s
• Bacteriological Revolution
• International Public Health 1950s |
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Term
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Definition
| Demography, Agriculture, Climate, Travel and Trade, Host population resistance |
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Definition
| • Flees carry bacteria, transmitted from rats, in their stomachs and vomit on people. The bacteria makes the flee unable to digest anything, but also very hungry, so the flee bites people and then vomits on the wound (mechanical transmission). Rats probably brought the plague to Europe. 100% mortality, killed 1/3 of Europe's population |
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Definition
| Queen Elizabeth – local churches took care of people who were impoverished. Poor laws stated that the state funds will provide for poor people |
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Definition
| Far more prevalent in lowlands because of warm temperature and cool water. Insects are the vectors of transmission. During warm months people avoided these areas even before any understanding of how disease is transmitted. |
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Term
| the era of epidemics in Europe and how communities responded |
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Definition
| Leper colonies, targeted Jews and cats, did nothing to stop the disease from spreading |
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Term
| Smallpox: Challenges and Factors of Success |
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Definition
| Edward Jenner (1750-1820). Exposed people to cowpox so they couldn't get smallpox using variolation. One reason that smallpox was easier to eradicate is that animals could not get variola major. Vaccination could target humans directly without having to worry about animal contagion. Also, little latency period and no asymptomatic carriers. Can therefore target people who are symptomatic and those that are within proximity of the symptomatic. Not a lot of disease resistance. Technological advances, such as portable refrigeration, more efficient syringes. Dealt with communities that did not want the vaccine. Bangladesh police were recruited to force people to take the vaccine (anyone who lived within 200 miles of a single case). Officially eradicated in 1979. |
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Term
| Types of Epidemiological Studies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Number of Deaths/ Total Population |
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Definition
| Number of Live Births / Total population |
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Term
| Dose-Response Relationship |
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Definition
| describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure (or doses) to a stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time. This may apply to individuals (e.g.: a small amount has no significant effect, a large amount is fatal), or to populations |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of Births /Number of childbearing women in society (ages 15-45). 6,690 / 100,000 women of childbearing age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Essentially how many kids will each woman have (U.S. = around 2) |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as the number of infant deaths (one year of age or younger) per 1000 live births. |
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Term
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Definition
Probability of the first event / probability of the second event
o Ex. Smokers’ risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2 to 4 times that of nonsmokers. If the risk of disease is 20% for a nonsmoker, a smoker’s risk will be 40-80% |
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Term
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Definition
| Discovered that citrus prevents scurvy |
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Term
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Definition
| Found out how to destroy harmful bacteria and make food last longer (pasteurization) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hospitalism - people going into hospitals and getting sick from things besides what they came in for. Lister believed that putting a bandage or alcohol on wounds it will destroy the “floating particles.” Beginning of the antiseptic principle. (Listerine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Discovered that cholera is something that is alive and something that can be destroyed. Saw that microorganisms are found in abundance in diseased organisms, including asymptomatic individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Miasmist - challenged Koch to wager, consumed cholera-positive feces. Got sick but did not die. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Teddy Roosevelt after returning from Spanish-American War was diagnosed with depression (called neurasthenie in China due to stigma of the word depression). Was actually Yellow Fever. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1901 Clinical Trial done to see how yellow fever is spread. half put in room with mosquitos, other half with people who have yellow fever. Realized that it’s not through person-to-person contact or miasma, but from mosquitos. Used DDT to kill mosquitos so they could build Panama Canal |
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Term
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Definition
| monitoring the population for health conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a good set of data at a point in time across a population that can then be used as the baseline for showing change. There is not always a good baseline in developing countries. |
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Definition
| coverage of people in population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of disability or injury (measured in amount of suffering, days of work or school lost, days that body is disabled). |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins with John Snow finding the who, what, where, when, and how of a disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical Diagnosis – Disease notification – Political mobilization |
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Term
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Definition
July 1976 American Legion Conference
o In august there were 150 cases and 20 deaths from an unknown bacteria infection that had never before been seen.
o When they did the culture they realized that it was identical to an unknown culture from several decades before
o Descriptive epidemiology (who, what, where)
• In the air conditioning of one of the conference hotels. Made phone calls to all attendees (well and sick) to see which hotels they stayed in. Leak in exhaust system where coolant was leaking out and rare bacteria that live in freezing conditions called “Legionella” was coming out. |
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Term
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Definition
true positives/ (True positives + false negatives)
Finds true positives, but more false positives
First line is 95% sensitive - 95/100 with the disease come out positive. 5/100 get false negatives |
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Term
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Definition
true negative / (true negatives + false positives)
Good at finding negatives, but more false negatives
First Aids test is 98% specific. Final AIDS test is 99.999% specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary AIDs test with 99.999% specificity. possible false negatives but no false positives. |
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Term
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Definition
| o The probability of something happening over the probability of it not happening. Odds ratio is used more because people are more interested in seeing how likely it is that something is going to happen vs. not happen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleaning cities and sanitation is responsibility of government to improve economy and control disease. Miasmist. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nonprofit that provides national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health, and its mission to serve as adviser to the nation to improve health. |
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Term
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Definition
| Global burden of disease - a unit that has been used for measuring both the burden of disease and the cost effectiveness of health interventions, as indicated by reductions in the burden of disease. Calculated as the present value of disability free years that are lost as the result of premature deaths or disability |
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Term
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Definition
| the convergence and acceptance among a group of states of mutual expectations, rules, and regulations, organizational plans, energies, and financial commitments |
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Term
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Definition
| risks to human health that transcend national borders in their origin or impact |
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Term
| Queenside Hills v. City of New York |
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Definition
• States do have the ability to protect the public good even over individual rights.
• Reaffirmed Gibson v. Ogden. Sometimes force can be used against individuals for the public good. |
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Term
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Definition
| Public Health has done more to increase our life expectancy and better our health than has biomedicine |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused morbidity not mortality. Leper Colonies - people got Syphillis |
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Term
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Definition
| First to talk about connection between poor and disease, sparked social reform to stop disease spread |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteriological Revolution - first person to see a bacteria. • Invented 500 different microscopic lenses. Pioneered the microscope as a way to understand nature on a microscopic level. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Microorganisms are found in great numbers in diseased individuals
2. These can be isolated from the organism and can be grown separately in a culture
3. Can be reintroduced in a different individual
4. can also be found in asymptomatic individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Variola major, Variola minor, and Variola vaccinae. |
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Term
| WHO (World Health Organization) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Morbidity, mortality weekly report. CDC releases a report every week about the health of the nation and it is widely circulated to keep track of what is befalling society |
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Term
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Definition
| national health insterview Survey, every year 50,000 households |
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Term
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Definition
| national health and nutrition examination Survey |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior risk factor surveillance survey, telephone survey |
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Term
| Most incidence (number of new cases) each year |
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Definition
| Chlamydia - Gonorrhea - Salmonella - Syphilis - HIV/AIDS |
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Term
| Highest morbidity from childhood injuries |
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Definition
0-5 years=falls
6-12 yrs = bicycle
13-19 yrs = motor vehicle occupant |
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Term
| Mortality from childhood injuries |
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Definition
6-12 yrs = motor vehicle as pedestrian
13-19 yrs= motor vehicle occupant |
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Term
| Highest Cause of death by age group |
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Definition
25-34 = 1. Suicide 2. Homicide
65-85 = heart disease, cancer |
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Term
| Cause of Death 1900 vs. 2003 |
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Definition
1900 - influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis
2003 - none of those, but much heart disease |
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Term
| Fetal loss increased due to |
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Definition
industrialization
full public education
increased age at marriage
increased age at time of conception
increased physical and mental stress during pregnancy |
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Term
| Recommendations to fix Fetal Loss problem |
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Definition
Contraceptive choices among dual-wage earner married couples
Improved workplace and work-leave programs
Routine preventive care covering the entire reproductive span
regardless of marital status |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of resources and methods for the management of public health |
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Term
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Definition
| institutional review board - reviews ethics of experiments on humans |
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