Empowerment/ Employment

Empowerment is having the resources, information, and attitudes that lead to action to achieve a desired goal.  Being empowered in this way will help you become employed.

to translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols.

the content of a speech and the mode of its delivery

physical sounds that interfere with communication

verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker

the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice

List three differences between casual conversation and public speaking.

Public speaking is planned

Language and nonverbal communication are more formal in public speaking

The roles of the speaker and listener are clearly defined.

The source

message

channel

receiver

noise

Define and explain feedback and context in human communication. How is it used in the interaction communication model?

Feedback is the response of an audience to a speech, a good, audience-centered, speaker focuses on the reactions of the audience to ensure that they are adjusting and responding to their audience.  The context says that no speech ever occurs in a vacuum and that the exact circumstances of a speech cannot be repeated.

gender, ethnicity, and culture

What specific techniques can you use prior to, during, and after a speech to deal with nervousness?

Prior- know your audience, chose an appropriate topic, don’t procrastinate, be prepared, develop and deliver a well-organized speech, know your introduction and conclusion, practice, use deep- breathing techniques, channel your nervous energy

During-  use deep- breathing techniques, channel your nervous energy, visualize your success, give yourself a mental pep talk, focus on your message, look for positive support in the audience, seek speaking opportunities

            After- focus on what you did well

What are some suggestions for selecting and narrowing your topic?

Speak about what you know

Focus on what will interest your audience

What are the three general purposes from which you may choose?

Inform

Persuade

Entertain

Be able to identify and explain the elements of the speech making process.

General purpose

Specific purpose

Central idea

Organizational method

Intro

Body

Conclusion

speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant

sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interest, and backgrounds of other people

What five things are considered when speaking ethically?

    Has a clear, responsible goal

    Uses sound evidence and reasoning

    Is sensitive to and tolerant of differences

Is honest

Doesn’t plagiarize

What are the requirements for “listening ethically” to speakers?

Communicate your expectations and feedback

Be sensitive and tolerant of differences

to focus on incoming information for further processing

to recall ideas and information

preconceived opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about a person, place, thing, or message

evaluation the quality of information, ideas, and arguments presented by a speaker

making judgments about the conclusions presented in what you see, hear and read

a formal system of rules used to reach a conclusion

the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence

the use of symbols to create meaning to achieve a goal

What are four stages in the process of listening?

Select

Attend

Understand

Remember

Identify and describe the barriers of effective listening.

Information overload

Personal concerns

Outside distractions

Prejudices

            Differences between speech rate and thought rate

            Receiver apprehension

The textbook offers ten suggestions for becoming a better listener.  List and describe each of the ten.

Accurately interpret non-verbal messages

            Adapt to the speaker’s delivery

            Monitor your emotional reaction to a message

            Avoid jumping to conclusions

            Be a selfish listener

            Identify your listening goals

            Listen for major ideas

            Practice listening

            Understand your listening style

            Become an active listener

List six principles of giving feedback to others (speech criticism).

Be descriptive

Be specific

Be positive

Be constructive

Be sensitive

Be realistic

What three ways would you give feedback to yourself?

Look for and reinforce your skills and speaking abilities

Evaluate your effectiveness based on your specific speaking situation and audience

Identify one or two areas of improvement

questions that offer alternatives from which to choose, such as true/false, agree/disagree, or multiple choice questions

the process of ethically using information about an audience in order to adapt one’s message so that it is clear and achieves the speaking objective

the portion of a person’s cultural background that relates to a national or religious heritage

an individual’s perception of what is true or false

has an externally imposed reason for being there

has an internally imposed reason for being there

an examination of the time and place of a speech, the audience size, and the speaking occasion in order to develop a clear and effective message

Informally gathering information can include asking your audience questions before speaking or by gauging your audience before hand in other informal settings.  This is often based on inferences.

            More formal information can be gathered through a survey

            before the speech.

            Informal survey- boxes to check, general questions

Formal survey- more personal, no boxes to check, open-

ended questions

What nonverbal cues from your audience relate to interest, support, and agreement?

Responses

Eye contact

Facial expressions

Movement

What speaker strategies or techniques should be used when an audience seems inattentive or bored?

What speaker strategies or techniques may help an audience grasp a point when they seem confused?

Be more redundant

Use a visual aid

            Slow speaking rate

            Clarify the overall organization

            Ask for feedback

            Ask someone in the audience to summarize

Try phrasing your information in another way

High- power and low- power cultures

High-content and low-content cultures

Long-term orientation to time vs. Short term orientation to time

Gratification and Patience vs. Time-management and results

the central idea of a speech plus a preview of main ideas

What are three suggested guidelines for preparing a speech?

            Consider the audience

            Consider the occasion

            Consider yourself

What three ways do you select and narrow a topic?

Brain storming

           Listening and reading for topic

    Scanning web directories

Recall three simple rules to formulate good specific purposes.

Use words that refer to observable or measurable behavior

Be limited to a single idea

Reflect the needs, interests, expectation, and level of knowledge of you speech

List four criteria for producing effective central ideas.

Be a complete declarative sentence

Use direct, specific language

Be a single idea

Be an audience- centered idea

Recall three methods for dividing central ideas into main ideas.

Look for logical division

Establish reasons

Trace specific steps

organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects

a verbal or non-verbal signal that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next

What are the five patterns of organization for writing and speaking (at least in our Western culture)?

            Selecting and narrowing a topic

            Determining your purpose

            Developing your central idea

            Generating main ideas

            Gathering supporting material

an audience’s perception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic

a question intended to provoke thought, rather than elicit an answer

Get the audience’s attention

            Give the audience a reason to listen

            Introduce the subject

            Establish your credibility

            Preview your main ideas

Give one example each of the ten introduction methods, beginning with illustrations.

Illustration or anecdotes

Startling facts or statistics

Quotation

Humor

Questions

Reference to historical events

References to recent events

Personal references

References to the occasion

References to preceding speeches

What are the elements of a speech conclusion?

Summarize the speech

Provide closure

Methods also used for introductions

            References to the introduction

            Inspirational appeals or challenges

condensed and abbreviated outline from which speaking notes are developed

            Keep it brief

            Avoid complete sentences

            Intro and conclusion

            Write important sign posts in full content

            Be complete in writing statistics and direct quotations