Term
| The Pulmonary System is made up of: |
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Definition
| Two lungs, their airways, blood vessles, ches wall, thoracic cage |
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Term
The lungs are divided into lobes: |
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Definition
Right-Upper, Middle, Lower
Left- Upper, Lower |
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Term
| Mediastinum contains what? |
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Definition
| The heart, great vessels and esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| provide a passage for the movement of air into and out of the gas exchange portions of the lung. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ciliated mucosa warms and humidifiees air and removes foreign particles. |
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Term
| Gas exchange occurs in structures beyond the 16th division: |
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Definition
| the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and the alveoli |
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Term
| The respiratory bonchioles, alveolar ducts and the alveoli areall referred to as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Air is inspired and expired through what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The conducting airways include? |
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Definition
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- broncioles
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Term
| The Larynx connects whaht two structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| The memebrane covering the lungs is |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the larynx consist of? |
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Definition
- endolarynx
- its surrounding triangular-shaped bony and carilaginous structures
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Term
| The Endolarynx is formed by two pairs of folds, which are? |
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Definition
- False vocal cords (supraglottis)
- True vocal cords
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Term
|
Definition
- epiglottis
- tyroid
- cricoids
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Term
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Definition
- arytenoids
- corniculate
- cuneiform
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Term
| What connects the small and large cartilages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the ligaments help prevent? |
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Definition
| collapse ofthe larynx during inspiration and swallowing |
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Term
| What do the internal muscles of the larynx do? |
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Definition
- control the vocal cord length and tension
- contract during swalloing to avoid aspiration into the trachea
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Term
| What do the external muscles of the larynx do? |
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Definition
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Term
| The trachea is supported by what? |
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Definition
| The cartilage that connects th larynx to the bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| The conducting airways of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the trachea divides into two main airways (bronchi) |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Right Bronchi? |
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Definition
- Main trachea
- Extends more vertically then the left
- Aspirated fluids or foreign particles tend to enter the right trachea
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Term
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Definition
| Where the right and left bronchi enter the lungs |
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Term
| What are the chief gas-exchange units of the lungs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Alveolocapillary Membrane |
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Definition
| Membrane that surrounds each alveolus and contains the pulmonary capillaries |
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Term
| Structure of the lower airway |
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Definition
| Bronchi->lobar bronchi-> segmental bronchi-> sub-segmental bronchi -> sixteen dividsion of bronchioles |
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Term
| What are the smallest of conducting airways? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bronchial walls have three layers: |
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Definition
- Epithelial lining
- Smooth muschle layer
- Connective tissure layer
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Term
| The epithelial lining of the bronchial wallas contain single celled exocrine glands that secrete mucus called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen _____ the blood; Carbon Dioxide is ________ from the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Gas Exchange Airways are made up of? |
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Definition
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
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Term
| What are the characteristics of pulmonary circulation? |
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Definition
- Facilitates gas exchange
- Delivers nutrients to lung tissures
- Acts as a reservoir for the geft ventricle
- Serves as filtering system to remove clots, air and debris from the circulation
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Term
| Pulmonary circulation has lower ________ and ________ than the systematic circulation |
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Definition
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Term
| The chest wall is made up of? |
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Definition
- skin
- ribs
- intercoastal muscles
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Term
| What is the purpose of the chest wall? |
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Definition
| to protect the lungs from injury |
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Term
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Definition
| adheres firmly to the lungs and folds over itself to attach to the chest wall |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- between the two pleura
- holds a small amount of fluid to allow the layers to rub against each other w/o friction
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Term
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Definition
| Momvement of gas or air into and out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism |
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Term
| Neurochemical Control of Ventillation |
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Definition
| Respiratory center in the brain stem controls repiration by transmitting impulses to the respiratory muscles, causing them to contract and relax |
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Term
| What groups make up the respiratory center? |
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Definition
- Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG)-recieves afferent impulses from peripheral chemoreceptors
- Vetnral Respiratory Group (VRG)-located in the medulla
- Pneumotaxic Center
- Pneustic Center
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Term
| What are the three types of lung receptors? |
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Definition
- Irritant receptors
- Stretch receptors
- J receptors
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Term
| What are the characteristics of irritant receptors? |
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Definition
- found in epithelium of all conducting airways
- sensitive to aerosols, gases and inhaled dust
- stimulates cough reflex
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Term
| What are the characteristics of stretch receptors? |
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Definition
- located in the smooth muscle of airways
- sesitive to increases in the size or volume of lungs
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Term
| What are the characteristics of J receptors? |
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Definition
- located near the capillaries in the alveolar septa
- sensitive to increased pulomonary capillary pressure
- stimulates rapid, shallow breathing hypotension and bradycardia
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Term
|
Definition
| monitor the pH, PaCO2, PaO2 of arterial blood |
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Term
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Definition
- monitor arterial blood indirectly by sensing changes in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid
- located near the respiratory center
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Term
| Pheripheral chemoreceptors |
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Definition
- located in aortic boddies, aortic arch and carotid bodies
- are sensitive to changes in PaCO2 and pH
- primarily sensitive to oxygen levels in arterial blood
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Term
| The mechanics of breathing involve: |
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Definition
- major and accessory muscles of inspiration and expiration
- elastic properties of the lungs and ches wall
- resisance to air flow through the conducting airways
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Term
| What are the major muscles of inspiration? |
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Definition
| Diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
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Term
| What are the accessory muscles of inspiration? |
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Definition
| sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles |
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Term
| What are the elastic properties of the lungs and chest walls? |
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Definition
- Elasticity
- Compliance
- Resistance to air flow throught the conducting airways
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Term
| What two ways is Oxygen transported? |
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Definition
- small amount dissolves in plasma
- remainder binds to hemoglobin
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Term
|
Definition
| alveolar pressure is greater than arterial and venous pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| arterial pressure exceeds alveolar pressure, but alveolar pressure exceeds venous pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| both arterial and venous pressures are greater than alveolar pressure and blood flow fluctuates |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the pulmomary system? |
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Definition
| Its primary function is the exchange of gases between the environmental air and the blood |
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Term
| What are the three steps in the process of gas exchange? |
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Definition
Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of air into and out of the lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of gases between air spaces in the lungs and the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to body organs and tissues. |
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Term
| The first two functions are carried out by the _______ _______? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thrid function is carried out by the ________ _________ ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The slit-shaped space between the true cords forms the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is the space above the false vocal cords. |
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Definition
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Term
| The space between the two pleurae is called |
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Definition
| the pleural sapce or pleural cavity |
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