Term
1. _____ is actively seeking support for and improvement of chiropractic clinical practices through the integration of the best available research evidence, combined with clinical expertise and patient values. |
|
Definition
EVIDENCE BASED CHIROPRACTIC |
|
|
Term
2. 4 challenges for the doctor when dealing with patients. |
|
Definition
1) UNDERREPORTING OF ILLNESS, 2) OVERESTIMATION OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES, 3) ATYPICAL PRESENTATIONS, 4) SYMPTOMS OF DIFFERENT DISORDERS MAY OVERLAP |
|
|
Term
3. To save time when initially interviewing a new patient a doctor should perform these 8 tasks. |
|
Definition
1) MAKE MORE THAN ONE VISIT FOR THE INTERVIEW, 2) SCHEDULE INTERVIEW DURING SLOWER OFFICE HOURS, 3) SEND/EMAIL HISTORY BEFORE VISIT, 4) ASK PATIENT FOR LIST OF MEDS, 5) SPEAK CLEARLY AND FACE PATIENT, 6) KEEP EXAM ROOM WARM AND WELL LIT, 7) INVITE SPOUSE OR CAREGIVER IN EXAM ROOM, 8) OBTAIN PREVIOUS RECORDS |
|
|
Term
4. 10 leading causes of morbidity. |
|
Definition
1) ARTHRITIS, 2) HYPERTENSION, 3) HEARING IMPAIRMENTS, 4) HEART DISEASE, 5) CATARACTS, 6) ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS, 7) SINUSITIS, 8) DIABETES, 9) VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS, 10) VARICOSE VEINS |
|
|
Term
5. 8 leading causes of mortality. |
|
Definition
1) HEART DISEASE, 2) MALIGNANCIES, 3) CVA’S, 4) RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS, 5) ACCIDENTS, 6) DIABETES, 7) SUICIDE, 8) LIVER DISEASE |
|
|
Term
6. When the pain pattern consists of a cramping dull ache, the structure causing the pain is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
7. When the pain pattern consists of sharp shooting, lightning like pain, the structure causing the pain is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
8. When the pain pattern consists of throbbing diffuse pain, the structure causing the pain is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
9. 6 assessment tools to evaluate a patients health. |
|
Definition
1) BMI, 2) FOOD DIARY, 3) BARTHEL INDEX, 4) GERIATRIC DEPRESSION SCALE, 5) MMSE, 6) AMEN PSYCHOLOGICAL EVAL |
|
|
Term
10. The history component of the exam consists of these 6 areas. |
|
Definition
1) CHIEF COMPLAINT, 2) HISTORY OF PRESENTING ILLNESS, 3) PAST HISTORY, 4) FAMILY HISTORY, 5) SOCIAL HISTORY, 6) REVIEW OF SYSTEMS |
|
|
Term
11. _____ should consist of one or more symptoms that caused the patient to seek care. The complaints are tabulated with the approximate duration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
12. The past history should ask these 6 questions. |
|
Definition
1) SURGERIES, 2) HOSPITALIZATIONS, 3) INFECTIONS, 4) TRAUMA, 5) ALLERGIES, 6) UNDER THE CARE OF ANOTHER DOCTOR |
|
|
Term
13. The social history should ask these DEARHOSSSS questions. |
|
Definition
DIET, EXERCISE, ALCOHOL, RECREATIONAL DRUGS, HOBBIES, OCCUPATION, SEX, SLEEP, STRESS, SMOKE |
|
|
Term
14. The ROS should ask these GNC PIC GREEN HAM questions. |
|
Definition
GENITOURINARY, NEUROLOGICAL, CARDIOVASCULAR, PSYCHIATRIC, INTEGUMENTARY, CONSTITUTIONAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, RESPIRATORY, ENDOCRINE, EENT, NODES, HEMATOLOGICAL, ALLERGIES, MUSCULOSKELETAL |
|
|
Term
15. When performing a NMS exam, you must evaluate both the _____ and _____ of the exam. |
|
Definition
CONTENTS AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION |
|
|
Term
16. The _____ should evaluate how and why to integrate into chiropractic evaluation for subluxation complexes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
17. These are 4 laboratory profiles for bone. |
|
Definition
1) CALCIUM, 2) PHOSPHORUS, 3) ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE, 4) ACID PHOSPHATASE |
|
|
Term
18. These are 7 lab profiles for arthritis. |
|
Definition
1) RA LATEX, 2) URIC ACID, 3) ANA, 4) ASO, 5) ESR, 6) CRP, 7) HLA-B27 |
|
|
Term
19. These are 8 kidney lab profiles. |
|
Definition
1) UA, 2) BUN, 3) CREATININE, 4) ALBUMIN, 5) GLOBULIN, 6) URIC ACID, 7) NA, 8) K |
|
|
Term
20. These are 7 cardiac lab profiles. |
|
Definition
1) CHOLESTEROL , 2) TRIGLYCERIDES, 3) GLUCOSE, 4) CPK, 5) SGOT, 6) AST, 7) LDH |
|
|
Term
21. These are 7 hepatic lab profiles. |
|
Definition
1) SGPT, 2) SGOT, 3) LDH, 4) BILIRUBIN, 5) ALBUMIN/GLOBULIN, 6) TRIGLYCERIDES, 7) GGT |
|
|
Term
22. These are 3 thyroid lab profiles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
23. These are 2 pancreas lab profiles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
24. These are 2 fever lab profiles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
25. These are 3 diabetes lab profiles. |
|
Definition
1) UA, 2) GLUCOSE, 3) GLYCOHEMOGLOBIN |
|
|
Term
26. This is a pregnancy lab profile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
27. This is a urinary tract lab profile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
28. These are 4 lipid lap profiles. |
|
Definition
1) CHOLESTEROL, 2) HDL, 3) LDL, 4) TRIGLYCERIDES |
|
|
Term
29. These are 2 lupus lab profiles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
30. This is a prostate cancer lab profile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
31. This is an AIDS lab profile. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
32. A CMP consists of these 11 lab tests. |
|
Definition
1) CA, 2) BUN, 3) ALBUMIN, 4) ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE, 5) GLUCOSE, 6) PROTEIN, 7) SGOT, 8) NA, 9) K, 10) CREATINE |
|
|
Term
33. 10 reasons why a chiropractor should take x-rays. |
|
Definition
1) MANY CHIROPRACTIC TECHNIQUES REQUIRE X-RAY ANALYSIS, 2) TRAUMA/INJURY, 3) DISEASE PROCESSES MAY BE INDICATED BY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS, 4) CHORINIC OR RECURRENT PAIN MAY INDICATE INSTABILITY, 5) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, 6) POSTIVIE ORTHO/NEURO TESTS, 7) PAIN DESCRIBED BY THE PATIENT IS NOT SIMPLE MUSCLE PAIN, 8) NEW BACK PAIN IN A PERSON THAT IS MIDDLE AGED OR BEYOND, 9) CONTRAINDICATIONS TO ADJUSTMENT, 10) DOCUMENTATION OF CHIROPRACTIC CLINICAL RESULTS |
|
|
Term
34. _____% of chiropractors will x-ray adults with NMS complaints. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
35. 6 procedures to chiropractic x-ray taking. |
|
Definition
1) ALWAYS X-RAY POINT OF PAIN, 2) OBLIQUE VIEWS WHEN EXTREMITY PAIN IS PRESENT, 3) DAVIS SEARIES IN MVA, 4) TAKE GOOD QUALITY FILMS, 5) UTILIZE FULL FRONTAL VIEW, 6) WRITE X-RAY REPORT |
|
|
Term
36. _____% of motor vehicle accident patients will have low back complaints. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
37. How many views are there in the routine cervical series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
38. How many views are there in the comp cervical series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
39. How many views are there in the davis cervical series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
40. How many views are there of the routine T-spine series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
41. How many views are there in the routine lumbar series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
42. How many views are there in the comp lumbar series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
43. How many views are there in the routine sacral series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
44. How many views are there in the coccyx routine series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
45. How many views are there in the routine hip series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
46. How many views are there in the routine knee series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
47. How many views are there in the comp knee series? |
|
Definition
4 (ROUTINE + TUNNEL + SUNRISE) |
|
|
Term
48. How many views are there in the routine ankle series? |
|
Definition
3 (A-P, LATERAL, OBLIQUE) |
|
|
Term
49. How many views are there in the routine foot series? |
|
Definition
3 (A-P, LATERAL, OBLIQUE) |
|
|
Term
50. How many views are there in the routine calcaneal series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
51. How many views are there in the routine shoulder series? |
|
Definition
3 (INTERNAL ROT, EXT. ROT, A-P) |
|
|
Term
52. How many views are there in the routine elbow series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
53. How many views are there in the comp elbow series? |
|
Definition
4 (ROUTINE + INT/EXT ROTATION) |
|
|
Term
54. How many views are there in the routine wrist series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
55. How many views are there in the comp wrist series? |
|
Definition
4 (ROUTINE + RADIAL/ULNAR DEVIATION) |
|
|
Term
56. How many views are there in the routine hand series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
57. How many views are there in the routine chest series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
58. How many views are there in the routine abdomen series? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
59. 9 strategies to prevent cardiovascular disease. |
|
Definition
1) MONITOR BP, 2) MONITOR GLUCOSE LEVELS, 3) SMOKING CESSATION, 4) WEIGHT REDUCTION, 5) DECREASE SATURATED FATS, 6) INCREASE EXERCISE, 7) INCREASE FRUITS AND VEGGIES, 8) INCREASE ANTIOXIDANTS, 9) VITAMIN E + CO Q10 |
|
|
Term
60. 10 lifestyle strategies for preventing cancer. |
|
Definition
1) MAMMOGRAM, 2) PAP TEST, 3) FECAL OCCULT BLOOD, 4) SIGMOIDOSCOPY, 5) RECTAL AND PSA, 6) INCREASE EXERCISE, 7) SMOKING CESSATION, 8) REDUCE FAT AND CALORIES, 9) INCREASE ANTIOXIDANTS, 10) INCREASE FRUITS, VEGGIES AND FIBER |
|
|
Term
61. To prevent hypertension, how often should ones BP be measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
62. To prevent breast cancer, how often should a woman receive a mammogram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
63. To prevent uterine cancer, how often should a woman receive a pap test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
64. To prevent colon cancer, how often should a fecal occult test be performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
65. To prevent prostate cancer, how often should rectal and PSA exams be performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
66. To prevent osteoporosis, bone density should be measured for _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
67. How often should lipid profiles be performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
68. How often should glucose levels be measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
69. How often should digital rectal exams be performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
70. How often should PSA exams be performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
71. How often should mental status exams be measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
72. Bone density exams should be performed after the age of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
73. TSH levels should be measured every _____ years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
74. Vitamin B-12 levels should be measured every _____ years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
75. 6 things that we can learn from traditional Chinese medicine. |
|
Definition
1) THE BODY IS CAPABLE OF HEALING ITSELF, 2) HOMEOSTASIS OF CELLS AND ORGANS, 3) TREATING SYMPTOMS DOES NOT PRODUCE HEALTH, 4) PATTERNS OFILLNESS INDICATES WEAKNESS, 5) THE PATIENT IS BODY/MIND/SPIRIT, 6) THE DOCTOR WAS PAID TO KEEP YOU WELL |
|
|
Term
76. The NMS system, which makes up _____% of the mass of the body, is vitally concerned with the actual function of all aspects of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
77. The _____, which provides fuel for energy, molecules for our biochemistry, building blocks for growth and repair, and the essentials for all functions of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
78. One essential of health promotion is having the physical prowess, and the ability to be flexible, strong, active, mobile, and have the necessary _____ to pursue life with enthusiasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
79. _____ are necessary to handle the stress of life, and to actively participate in the life process. |
|
Definition
MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL STABILITY |
|
|
Term
80. One should have a clear picture of the relationship and meaning one has with the _____, both within and without. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
81. A practice that professes wellness, and does not address these aspects of health can only provide a part of what is required to really profoundly affect the faculty of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
82. 7 steps when breaking bad news to a patient. |
|
Definition
1) PREPARE THEM FOR THE NEWS, 2) START CAREFULLY, GET THE CONTEXT RIGHT AND SPEAK FACE TO FACE, 3) FIND OUT HOW MUCH THE PATIENT KNOWS ABOUT THE CONDITION, 4) FIND OUT HOW MUCH THE PATIENTS WANTS TO KNOW ABOUT THE CONDITION, 5) SHARE THE INFORMATION, 6) RESPOND TO THE PATIENTS FEELINGS, 7) PLAN FOR THE FUTURE AND FOLLOW THROUGH |
|
|
Term
83. These are the 5 stages of acceptance when dealing with bad news. |
|
Definition
1) DENIAL AND ISOLATION, 2) ANGER, 3) BARGAINING, 4) DEPRESSION, 5) ACCEPTANCE |
|
|
Term
84. 4 dimensions of care when dealing with a dying patient. |
|
Definition
1) PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS, 2) PSYCHOLOGICAL, 3) SOCIAL, 4) SPIRITUAL |
|
|
Term
85. A doc should _____ the patients emotions when dealing with them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
86. 6 legal issues that should be addressed when dealing with a dying patient. |
|
Definition
1) LIVING WILLS, 2) DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY, 3) DEFINITION OF DEATH, 4) ORGAN/TISSUE DONATION, 5) WILLS, 6) TRUSTS AND OTHER WILL SUBSTITUTES |
|
|
Term
87. How long is the grieving time for the loss of a spouse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
88. A main step of grieving when dealing with the loss of a spouse is the disposal of their _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
89. _____ is the age related loss of skeletal muscle mass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
90. Sarcopenia is caused by _____ which reduces the availability of O2 for required muscle activity and promotes degeneration of tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
91. _____ occurs when the generation of biological free radicals in a system exceeds the system’s ability to neutralize and eliminate them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
92. Sarcopenia is also caused by _____, due to a progressive decline that is age related. |
|
Definition
ALTERED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
|
|
Term
93. Sarcopenia can also be caused by _____, which increases in the infiltration of fat and connective tissues that occur within the muscle to replace normal muscle tissue as it ages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
94. 5 etiology factors that can cause sarcopenia. |
|
Definition
1) DECREASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 2) MALNUTRITION, 3) INCREASED CYTOKINE ACTIVITY, 4) OXIDATIVE STRESS, 5) HORMONAL ABNORMALITIES |
|
|
Term
95. This muscle type composes the slow twitch type of muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
96. This muscle type consists of the fast twitch type of muscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
97. Using techniques that allow analyses of whole-limb muscle tissue, investigators found that the total number of muscle fibers is _____ with increasing age, and the the numbers of type 1 and type 2 fibers are affected to a similar extent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
98. There is evidence that as muscles age, there is a loss of _____ as well. Studies using quantitative electromyography have reported a reduction in the number of functioning motor units in aging human muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
99. Aging causes muscle fibers to undergo continuous _____ and _____ owing to accelerated loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. It is highly likely that such a process Is one of the main contributors to the reduction in muscle volume accompanying advancing age. |
|
Definition
DENERVATION AND REINNERVATION |
|
|
Term
100. 10 age related changes to muscle. |
|
Definition
1) LOSS OF MASS, 2) LOSS OF ISOMETRIC STRENGTH, 3) LOSS OF PEAK TORQUE, 4) RATE OF TORQUE DEVELOPMENT, 5) FATIGABILITY, 6) IMPACT ABSORPTION, 7) RESTING TONE, 8) RESTING METABOLIC RATE, 9) ELECTRICAL FIELDS, 10) THERMOGENESIS |
|
|
Term
101. Progressive _____ is the best intervention shown to slow down or reverse sarcopenia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
102. _____is dense collagenous connective tissue and elastic fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
103. Cartilage fibers are embedded in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
104. 65-85% of cartilage is made up of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
105. _____ is connective tissue that is capable of withstanding stress, and is very resilient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
106. The cartilage fibers are embedded in condroitan sulphate to provide the ability to maintain _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
107. The _____ is the mature cartilage cell, and it can occur singularly or in groups. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
108. These are the 3 different types of cartilage. |
|
Definition
1) HYALINE CARTILAGE, 2) ELASTIC CARTILAGE, 3) FIBROCARTILAGE |
|
|
Term
109. This cartilage type forms the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchial tubes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
110. This type of cartilage forms the symphysis pubis, iv discs, and knee menisci. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
111. This type of cartilage maintains the shape of certain organs in the body like the epiglottis and the ear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
112. These are the 2 different types of cartilaginous growth. |
|
Definition
INTERSTITIAL GROWTH AND APPOSITIONAL GROWTH |
|
|
Term
113. This cartilaginous growth pattern is in early development, and is characterized by a rapid increase in size, division of existing chondrocytes, and continuous deposit of intercellular matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
114. This type of cartilaginous growth occurs later in development, and is characterized by activity in perichondrium chondrogenic layer, division of fibroblasts to chondroblasts, continuous deposit into intercellular matrix, and chondroblasts grow into chondrocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
115. In the appositional growth pattern of cartilage, fibroblasts divide into _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
116. In the appositional growth pattern of cartilage, chondroblasts grow into _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
117. Cartilage is _____, therefore it requires movement to pump blood and other fluids in and out of the tissues. This process provides nutrients and removes waste. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
118. Cartilage requires _____ which is required to maintain the integrity of the matrix and to promote the transport of fluid into and out of the joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
119. There is an increase rate of _____ activity with mechanical stress of cartilage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
120. This type of cartilage grows throughout life, such as in the ears and nose which tend to grow larger relative to the face as a person ages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
121. This type of cartilage decreases in thickness, possibly because cartilage hydration decreases. The number of chondrocytes decrease slightly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
122. As cartilage ages, articular cartilage _____ becomes stiffer because advanced glycation end products accumulate and produce increase cross-linking. These changes in cartilage which occur at a highly variable rates, make cartilage less able to handle mechanical stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
123. _____ are responsible for growth and regeneration of connective tissue that makes up most of ligaments and tendons. With aging, the in vitro proliferative capacity and synthetic activity decrease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
124. As a result of aging, ligaments and tendons are predisposed to _____ and prolonged _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
125. These 2 x-ray findings indicate there is a disc pathology. |
|
Definition
1) VACUUM PHENOMENON, 2) TRACTION SPUR |
|
|
Term
126. Spinal discs consist of a fine fibrous matrix containing _____ cells united to form a reticular structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
127. _____ are the result of developmental changes of the vertebral end plate and vertebral bodies. End plates become less permeable and impairs nutrition, cell waste removal, and allows pH level to fall in the related disc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
128. 6 contributing factors to spinal disc disease. |
|
Definition
1) DECREASING VIABLE CELLS FOR PROLIFERATION, 2) CELLULAR SENESCENCE, 3) DEGENERATIVE MOLECULAR MATRIX CHANGES, 4) FRAGMENTATION OF THE ANNULUS FIBERS, 5) LOSS OF COLLAGEN IN THE ANNULUS FIBERS, 6) INFUSION OF CHONDROID TISSUES |
|
|
Term
129. How will a doctor know if fragmentation of the annular fibers is occurs. |
|
Definition
IT WILL CAUSE A LOT OF LEG PAIN, BUT NOT A LOT OF BACK PAIN |
|
|
Term
130. This is a gradual, degenerative aging process that causes narrowing of the spinal canals and spaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
131. Spinal stenosis causes narrowing of spinal spaces which results in pressure on the _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
SPINAL CORD OR SPINAL NERVES |
|
|
Term
132. Spinal stenosis is a disorder that usually involves the narrowing of one or more of these 3 areas of the spine. |
|
Definition
1) THE SPINAL COLOUMN THROUGH WHICH THE SPINAL CORD AND NERVE ROOTS RUN, 2) THE CANALS AT THE BASE OF NERVE ROOTS, 3) THE OPENINGS BETWEEN VERTEBRAE THROUGH WHICH NERVES LEAVE THE SPINE |
|
|
Term
133. When the health of one part of the spine fails, it can increase stress on _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
134. What is the most common cause of spinal stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
135. 5 acquired causes of spinal stenosis. |
|
Definition
1) TUMORS, 2) TRAUMA, 3) PAGET’S DISEASE, 4) FLUROSIS, 5) OSSIFICATION OF THE PLL |
|
|
Term
136. When a patient has stenosis, they will assume the position of _____ to open up the spinal canal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
137. When a patient has spinal stenosis, they will have _____ which will not allow them to walk far. |
|
Definition
NEUROLOGICAL CLAUDICATION |
|
|
Term
138. What type of claudication improves immediately with sitting/rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
139. Which type of claudication improves with sitting/rest for >10min. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
140. Which type of claudication will cause grey/white skin, blue fingernails, and cold limbs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
141. Which type of claudication gets worse with extension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
142. When a patient has low blood pressure in both legs you should think there is a blockage in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
143. When a patient has low blood pressure in 1 leg, you should think there is a blockage in the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
144. _____ will increase the blood pressure in one’s leg. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
145. What type of venous constrictor should you suggest to help with edema in the legs? |
|
Definition
HORSE SEED CHESTNUT; 250MG 2X A DAY |
|
|