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| Explains things and gives research a foundation |
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| The pursuit of learning the truth about something |
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| How we gain knowledge (observation, scientific method etc) |
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| studying reality through the scientific method |
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| should be able to prove everything true |
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| try to prove everything false (incorrect) |
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| A hypothesis that goes in circles |
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| Tautological Hypotheses EXAMPLE |
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| bachelors will become unmarried men |
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| Opposite of what you want to prove true |
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| a direction is given (positive or negative) |
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| a direction is NOT given (a relationship or association) |
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| Give 3 examples of a directional verb in a hypothesis/research question. |
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| Good/bad, positive/negative, increase/decrease, more/less |
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| Give 3 examples of a NON-directional verb in a hypothesis/ research question |
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| relationship, correlation, association, difference, similarity |
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| give 2 examples of a causal verb. |
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| because of, causes, leads to |
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| a relationship that forms a straight line (negative or positive) |
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| when the graph looks different from a straight line. |
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| definition that uses abstract theoretical words to define it |
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| "love is a great feeling" is an example of |
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| explaining something with research and/or previous research |
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| measurable definition of variables |
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| examples of an independent variable |
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| demographics (age, male/female, ethnicity) |
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| examples of a dependent variable |
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| amount learned, hours watching something |
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| category or name that cannot vary distribution wise. |
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| Ordinal variable examples |
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degrees in school, 1st/2nd/3rd
(intervals are not equal) |
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| interval variable example |
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| Fahrenheit temperatures, likert scales |
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| dichotomous variable & example |
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| separation of 2 different things (male/female, yes/no) |
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| assumption that because someone is a part of the group, means they share the same characteristics of that group. |
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| a description of what "exists" in data. |
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| putting central tendency on a chart to help analyze the data and see trends |
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| What do you measure for Central Tendency |
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| take the average by adding everything a dividing by the total # |
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| put #'s in order, then use middle #. or add 2 middle #'s together then divide by 2. |
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| find which #'s are repeated the most. |
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| definition of symmetric and what to report |
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| can fold the graph in half and it is a mirror image. Report the mean |
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| definition of skewed and what to report |
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| fold the graph in half and it is not the same. Report the median |
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| negative skew and positive skewness looks like |
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negative- left side skewed
positive- right side skewed |
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| How pointy or flat the graph is |
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| What do you measure for variability? |
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| range, standard deviation, inter-quartile range |
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| how to measure inter-quartile range |
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| Quartile 3 minus quartile 1 |
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| how far the points stray from the mean |
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| how to calculate the outliers |
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Q1 - 1.5 x IQR
Q3 + 1.5 x IQR |
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| participants know whats going on before they agree |
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| benefits outweigh the harm |
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| participants must benefit from the study |
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| researchers don't know who they are studying |
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| participants can disclose as much as they want and can quit the study at any time |
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| researchers must have safe guards in place for the personal information shared. |
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| mutually exclusive questions |
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| participants only have 1 correct answer |
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| giving options to satisfy everyone male/female/other |
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| changing data from words to numbers |
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| example of likert format questions |
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| strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree |
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| semantic differential question example |
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| making sure you are consistently measuring the same thing |
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| give the same participants the same test over time and compare results |
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| giving a slightly different test |
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| compare your measure to another study (pilot study) |
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| look at an old study and predict future results |
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| study the same participants over a period of time |
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| study different samples of people or the order of things |
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| participants gives what you what you want |
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| when they don't pay attention to the accurate answer, and just answer |
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| how to find the observed score |
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