-time= 1 lifetime

- Human Nature= human potential, stand as a role model

-Human purpose= to be great, to succeed 

-The physical world= idealism, good and beautiful things for enjoyment and excellence

-Time= When God created the world >Adam &Eve>Judgement> eternity

- Human Nature= Adam and Eve, all humans are sinners, body is a thing of shame, denial, and control

-Physical World= Deny Wworld and all worldly things.

means rebirth, rebirth of classical values

Classical meets medieval

Limbourg Brothers, Febuary, From the Very Rich Hours of the Duke De Berry, 1413-1416 Early Northern Ren

function: pleasure, For:Duke De Berry & family

 Most unusual scence from manuscript. Rest of the small prayer book is filled with religious images, however at the back of the small book is a calender that is pleasurable displays of aristocrats for the Duke De Berry and his family. This image does not show the Duke nore his home, family, or friends more so it depicts a prosporous farm. Genre scene there is a wealth of animals and a silo full of grain. The family are warm inside of their home and the man in the background is chooping wood to sell in town. Because the Duke is part of a futile system the wealth of all of his followers reflects his wealth. Ironically the wealth of towns and farms leads to the futile systems demise. This scene will eventually bring an end to the Dukes way of life.  

Robert Campin, Merode Altarpiece, 1425-1428 Early Northern Ren

Function:bring couple closer to God, celebrate Bruge textiles and metals, and a lesson in gender roles For: couple that commisioned the piece

Originally meant for home for a private devotional. 1st panel is donor panel, it contains couple that commissioned the painting. middle is the anunntiation of Mary, the last panel is of Joseph in his workshop. The middle panel displays the Angel Gabriels arrival into the room (pages of book ruffled) Jesus Christ is coming down through the window in a ray of light (candle is blown out)  to impregnate in the ear.  lilies= chasity Basin in pots= purity 

Views the role of middle class house wife, obediant,  she is educated and devotional (reading) 

Joseph middle class wealth trap in window is to catch the devil, drilling hole substitute sexual activity.  Sublimation.

Excessive clothing and copper, use of oil paints for a realistic look, celebration of textiles in bruge

Van Der Weyden, Portrait of a Lady, 1460 Early Northern Ren

Society portrait- meant to say something about the person to society. 14 in tall to hang on wall

For:society Function: to express that the person in the image is ideal.

ideal woman, sudmissive, modest, devout, beautigul. construction of identity through image 

idealogy- value system

man is served shows he is wealthy and has a beautiful fashionable wife shows PRIDE

Van Der Weyden, The Deposition, 1435, Northern Early Ren

For church Function: Make you believe in God, believe the crucifiction

oil paint makes it realistic.

The characters are brought forward in your face the clothes are contemporary, once again a celebration of wool

Holbein, The French Ambassadors, 1533 Late Northern Ren

Jean De Dintiville french ambassador of England and Bishop Lavaur with representation of 7 liberal arts: music, astronomy, grammar, rhetoric, geometry, logic, and arithmetic.

Intent is unkown. celebration of materials represents humanistic education

HUMANISM- the Renaissance cultural movement that turnrd away from medieval world view to classical art, philosophy, and science away from God to Humanity

cutting across botom of image anamorphic skull, in background ther is a crucifix slightly hidden.

skull=momento mori a reminder of death 

world passes ignore worldly material things. collision painting b/w medieval and classical views

Lucas Granach, Spring Nymph, 1537, Late Northern Ren

For man function pleasure

"I am the nymph of the sacred spring Do not disturb my sleep  I am tired"

Wittenburg in background there is a legend that there is a nude statue there

nymph-nymphomaniac 

inspiration is from Italy celebratinf female nude

particular woman perhaps the lover of the patron. German nude, German hairstyle she is rested on contemporary dresshands over head she is submissive

cave opening is fallic

Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, 1510 Late Northern Renp

Large painting

The world if there was no fall made for a patron.

somehow it still ends in hell

Love and sex remain natural and innocent,

for the pleasure of an aristocrat

Bruegal, Return of The Hunters, 1565 Late Northern Ren

Jan-Feb realism depicts an everyday scene

Context: Reign of Terror during the counterreformation

This image provides peace for those during that time.

The painting depicts the hunters coming home to a warm fire in a peaceful village 

for a private collector

Grunewald,Isenheim Altarpiece, closed, 1510-1515

Late Northern Ren

Durer, The Four Horsemen of the apocalypse, 1497-1498

Late Northern Ren

context: fear of the apocalypse at the turn of the century

depiction of the four horseman

conquest, war, famine, death

created for popular sell

for the public

horseman riding over men

King's relation with poeple

Giotto, Arena Chapel, Lazarus and Lamentation,  1305

Italian Proto Renaissance 1300-1350

fresco painting

Christ raises lazarus from death

key figure is in gold  Giotto wants you to feel and know these stories resulting you to becom more devout.

death to life Christ will save you

- does a fantastic job of portraying emotion

use of naturalism

Thids is a way for the banker family that owns this piece to demonstrate devotion 

Giotto, Arena Chapel, Judgement, 1903 

Ital Proto Ren

Lorenzetti Brothers, Allegory of Good and Bad Government, Town Hall, Sienna, 1338-40

Ital Proto Ren

Fabriano, Adoration of the Magi, 1423

Early Ital Ren

Massacio, Tribute Money, 1427

Early Ital Ren

Brancassi Family chapel 

focus is on St Peter as the ideal citizen pays taxes

context: new law for graduated taxes 

Peter represents church the family is trying to say that the Church should also pay taxes 

( the taxe collector is in contemporary Florentine clothing)

religious image with secular message

Fra Angelico, Annunciation, 1900-45

Early Ital Ren

In San Marco Monestary

Mary is depicted as a nun accepting the abbubciation she is an example to the monks to be devout obediant an accepting. 

This image is near the monks cells

can tell she is a nun because of fence and her cell (room) behind her

Fra Filippo Lippi, Madonna and Child, 1450

Early Ital Ren

Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 1486

Early Ital Ren

classical style, 

modest Venus covering herself up  based after a Greek statue

Nude celebrates the female body.

 Venus is the God of love born from the sea, Zeforus (Spring Wind) with his lover (Chlorus) ia nymph is blowing venus to shore, she is being greeted by Flora (mother nature) clothing her in the beauty of the world

context: this is the first nude so it is incredibly erotic

also Christian Humanism, Jesus is born from the sea (baptism) and Zephorus has wings making him angelic  Ital word for water is Mari

God is the creator of all things that are beautiful 

Boticelli, St. Jerome, 1494-95

Early Ital Ren

Donatello, Mary Magdalen, 1455

Early Ital Ren 

figure of penatence after his homoerotic creation of David.

she is wearing a dress made of hair to punish herself 

Donatello, David, 1430

Early Ital Ren

First male nude in the Ren

supposed to be symbol of ideal citizen Florence is small and their enemies are large.

David is standing on Goliaths head and the helmut has a feather that rides up Davids thigh. 

Very homerotic, beautiful young boy with long hair and floral had on his head

Pollaiuolo, Herculesand Antaes, 1475

Early Ital Ren

-planimetric

-Balanced

-Evenly Lit

Brunelleschi, Foundling Hospital, 1419

Early Ital Ren architecture

Liberal studies

Went to Rome to study architecture learned the vocabulary

squar window with pedaments, columns, 

foundling=abandoned child

came up with ration.. that we do not know

Humanist 

Michelozzo, Medici Palace, 1444-1460

Early Ital ren

Sumptuary Laws- laws against display of wealth

Brunelleschi  given the job  then fired, handed over to Michelozzo

has the classical vocabulary: arches pedamental  windows 

designed in three stages 1st 2nd and 3rd floor

stone and delenation stone from heavy to light 

anthropomorphic  following the human build in three parts

looks back to Roman apt buildings 

massive building 20 houses removed to build it.

Medici family dominates Florence

Plain on the outside very ornate on the inside

Lancet windows dbl windows in 1 arch to mimic windows in town hall- also display of power.

-Bruneschelli 's David is located in the courtyard

Alberti, San Andrea, Facade, 1470

Early Ital Ren

Combined 2 building types

faced with classical columns and pedaments

classical temple front with triumphal arch. to commemorate Christ's triumph

Marriage of classical and Christian repurposing

from flat coffered to barrelled vault roof developed by Romans for space

Leonardo, Last Supper, 1495-1498

High Ren 1495-1525

Placed in dining hall in monestary

audience=monks

function=remind them they are followers of the apostles

use of 1 point perspective, vanishing point is christ's head

very classical style

4 groups of 3 men

holy trinity spread to the 4 corners of the earth

this is a dramatic moment in the story when Christ is anouncing that one of them will betray him

we are veiwing the reactions of the apostles

usually  Judus is seperated and the apostles are dissociated

Leonardo integrates very different reactions in a harmonious manner via body position and hand movement

Leonardo, Mona Lisa, 1503-1506

High Renaissance

commisioned by a silk merchant for a society portrait of his pregnant wife

however this doesn't contain anything that would be found in a society portrait

No lavish clothing or extravagant hair

Leonardo kept the painting, leonardo was gay, no sexual interest

woman is a personification of mother nature she is identified with a mysterious landscape 

she has an enigmatic smile, she has a secret

she is pregnant, its about life, birth

As a scientist he is uncovering secrets

She represents the mystery of nature

Raphael, Madonna of the Meadow, 1506,

High Ren

Great subject of the Ren

different from other maddonas

brings Madonna to a godess level she is unrealistically beautiful.

figure is a combination of the beautiiful and Divine ultimate

classical style solidarity of pyramid

Poppies are symbol of Christ's Passion & resureection

babues are Christ and John the Baptiste

Catholics pray to Mary, you are one of her children

Raphael, School of Athens, 1509,

High Ren

Pope calls him to Rome to paint his office, there are 4 walls 2 with windows 2 without

on the walls w/o raphael paints dispute and the school of athensImages are origanized in semi-circles

classical styl, evenly litharmonic but also involves a dispute

Classical philosphers are portrayed by contemporary artists

Plato= Da Vinci Aristotle= architect

They are arguing about where truth comes from 

Plato says the mind is the single ideal on which there are variances and Aristotle believes we get it from the world, empiricism

Classical vs. Christian 

There are arguments in both classism and Christianity Paintings form a circle to reconcile the sameness emphasize the whole rather than the parts and the pope is in the center

Michelangelo, David, 1501,

High Ren

17' high

a sculpture is commision for the facad of a church, first artist dies, the second doesn't finish

Take in artist's ideas and Michelangelo wins, however sculpture is too big for church facade and people vote on where to put it, vote for in front of the town hall

by placing it there it serves as a lesson in citizenship. 

This is the moment before david kills the giant the rock is on his shoulder.

At first glance the figure seems strong and confident

however the figure is tense with a worrid look and disproportionate. 

This views the tension between perfection and imperfection

Show us how human nature strives for perfection even though it is inherently imperfect

Michelangelo,Creation of Adam from the Sistine Chapel, 1508-1512

High Renaissance

ceiling is ante legum: before law (genesis)

its all about duality

In this particular scene God is delivering a soul

he is surounded by drapery and cherubs with Even under his arm

this all together form an image of a brain, show that God is delivering a soul and a brain

classical plus christian views

Eves presence expresses the duality of man and woman

female=fall

later is image of drunkeness of Noah his posture mimicing that of Adam Noah is an ancestor, this ultimately says we are all figures of conflict

Palladio, Villa Rotonda, 1566-1569

Late Ital Ren(classicism)

inspired by villa architecture, country home perfectly symmetrical

central dome with four temple fronts, simple and not too ornate symbol of a God's home

reference t the Pantheon which housed Athena

Owned by a retired priest, classical home for a supposedly religious person

function is to flatter the owner, like he is a God

Humanist building

Parmigianino, Madonna of the Long Neck, 1535

Late Ital Ren(mannerist) 

commisioned by Elen Biardi for family chapel in Parma

at first glance loos classical, stable pyramid however..

Proportions are off, small head, long fingers, unbalanced all the figures are crowded on one side 

odd Christ child bald and oversized

woman has a wet t-shirt look= erotic

christ childs toe ride up beautiful boys (aretine) thigh,

Arentino- famous pederist

This kind of image pleases this weird taste,

also is a memoriam of her poet father (small figure on the right) that is identified with classical poet

Bronzino, Allegory of Love, 1546

Late Ital Ren- Mannerism

commissioned by Medici family for Frances the Kind of France.

insestuous scene of Venus kissig her son, him holding her breast and his rearend awkwardly facing us. 

Chronos, father of time, is revealing the scene

Girl with beautiful face, honey comb, and serpents body is a symbol of deceipt,

on opposite side is a figure of remorse

functions as a lesson against this beahavior, and as pleasure for King Frances

Pontormo, Entombment, 1525-28

Late Ital Ren - Mannerism

Christ being carried off cross

genuinely religious

It is a surreal image

we are not at the event this is a dream image

the figures are floating 

the image is overly pretty

Michelangelo, Last Judgment Before and After Restoration, 1536-1541

Late Ital Ren-Proto Baroque

Pope Paul III commisioned this this piece he was the leader of the counter reformation

fought: protestantism and scientific world view.

Bringing back miraculous world view with Jesuits 1530s 

After the restoration the style is classical 

message is to prepare for the end Refom

bright colors to match ceiling or to remind us of heaven, heaven may not be what we want?

dynamic Christ in the center is proto baroque one hand up and one hand down arches above him shows christ suffering 

he is surrounded by martyred saints 

St Bartholemew was skinned and his holding the knife he was skiined with, the face of the skin is Michelangelo

Each saint is holding the tool of their martyrdom

What it means to be a christian is to suffer, felt anxiet and guilt about being gay

Focuses n Hell and who is headed there, strong powerful figure

figure with hand over his face = remorse

Message is to not let this happen to you

Cardinal that complained about the artists work is on the face of the devil

bottom of the work there are two entrances to hell, a main one then a secondary one

Pope face the secondary entrance when giving Mass, Pope Paull III was very corrupt had a mistress, children, and promoted family 

Primary function of work is to reform the church

Caravaggio, Entombment, 1603

BAROQUE(Baroque Naturalism) 

Painted for Filippo Neris church

used ordinary people off the street as models

Many thought he was bringing the Devine down too low

He wanted to appeal to lower class, this was for a church with mostly lower class attendees.

He wants lower class to ID with the image.

He puts you into the work 

concrete slab breaks the picture plane youre being handed the body of Christ 

strong contrast,

feels real to the viewer

Gentileschi, Judith Beheading Holofernes, 1614-20 BAROQUE-Naturalism

woman painter, learned from father, a carravaggisti

Judith is a civic ideal for women, addresses women as civil heroes 

this is the moment of highest drama

figure is pushed towed the front strong contrast brings viewer in. 

when in art school she was raped by another art student, father had to accuse man of insulting him , this image is her revenge fantasy

Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Theresa of Avila, Cornaro Chapel, 1645-52

BAROQUE-baroque baroque

taste in marble is very busy and exciting

st theresa is a Spanish Nun that had visions, strongest vision was of an angel coming to her and stabbing her with a spear, she had a spiritual orgasm, expression is showing this

work is very expressive- manipulation of formal elements and/or representation of features of an artwork to convey something about the subject

the drapery describes her excitement actual event to place in her cell her she is on a cloud in a miraculous light to elevate the event

here the angel is holding an arrow which symbols of cupid= love 

Primary lesson for woman: be devout and you will experience this

Borromini, San Carlo of the Four Fountains, begun 1638 Baroque-(Baroque Baroque)

asymmetrical, curvilinear

surface curve emphasizes vertical movement very dramatic when is come to light b/c of deep recesses

all dramatic and dynamic, nothing is static

counter reformation- the church is energetic and dynamic

El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz 1586

Baroque- Proto Baroque

for a famly, commisioned by them for a chapel to remember honor past family members

in early 14th century member was rewarded for his servicesto the church by the appearance of st augustine and st stephen at his funeral

Its about a miracle the sts lowering his body  his soul to heaven 

a record of what happens when you are good 

emphasizing the miraculous 

planametric and balance is classical

strong contrast is dramatic

Titian, Pieta, c.1575

Baroque-Proto Baroque

pieta=christ in madonnas lap

work is large and meant for his own burial monument

includes self portrait as st jerome, the penatent

Titians past work was extremely erotic 

this also features Mary Magdelan

He is addressing God and saying I' sorry

new style de emphasizes flech

emphasizes light

diagaonal and dynamic

Tintoretto, Last Supper, 1592-94

Late Ital Ren-Proto Baroque

Done for a classical church in Venice

 very baroque style built on a diagonal

very dramatic with strong contrast

miraculous- christs head is surrounded by light

part of the story where christ is breaking the bread, sacrement of communion

across the table there are ordinary people to contrast tthe Devine

Terborch, The Suitor's Visit, c. 1658

Baroque Naturalism (Dutch)

famous for ability to paint satin

leson painting in courtship

both should behave properly

suiting should be done in the fathers home so he can wathc over

fido- fidelity 

dof is ided with man over animal desires

very small and produced for market

Vermeer, Young Woman With a Water Jug, c. 1660

Baroque Naturalism- Dutch

he produced very little paintings b/c he worked very slow

philisophical painting for the market

brass pitcher is symbol of the home

she has been sewing and has hand on window sill

she has been caught between 2 possibilities of worls and home

thats who we are and where we are

Jan Van Eyck, Arnolfi Wedding Portrait, 1434

Early Northern Ren

function to show gender roles arnolfini is silk merchant looks pregnant due to style of dress dog symbolizes fidelity she is placed near the bed to show her place he is placed near the window to show his place in the world

Titian, Pastoral Symphony, 1508

Venetian Ren

is about harmony - man well dressed is from the city rustic man from the country - one represents culture and one represents nature -pyramid is stability -warm colors and musical elements - function to relax

Titian, Venus of Urbino, 1538

Venetian Ren

-made for a cassone- in a wedding chest work adresses females role as wife is for the husband, pleasure dog= fido=fidelity flowers are symbol of love Oil painting gives the texture of skin hand is masturbating- good for fertility and for sexual pleasure of husband

Zurbaron, St. Frances in Meditation, 1620

Baroque Naturalism

carravagisti work promotes penitence meant to show retreat from the world Illusionistic

Rembrandt, The Jewish Bride, 1665

Baroque Naturalism

- bride and groom on their wedding night lesson in love she is giving him permission to touch her, operates in triangles harmony of colors mimics the couple he moves gently