Term
| Why should an OR manager care about direct and indirect approaches in the first place? What's the big deal? |
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Definition
facilitation of free choice to provide positive experiences (indirect management)
Limitation of free choice to protect resources (direct management).
Recreationists respond more favorably to indirect rather than direct management. |
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Term
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Definition
- Influence or modify visitor behavior
- Visitor gets to choose
- Little agency control over visitors
- Much variation |
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Term
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Definition
- Regulate visitor behavior
- Visitor must abide by agency-set limits
- High degree of agency control over visitors
- Little variation |
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Term
| What distinguishes "direct" approaches to OR management from "indirect" approaches with respect to regulation of behavior, freedom of choice, etc.? |
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Definition
1) Did we restrict the number of people?
2) Did we restrict the activity? |
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Term
| Direct management techniques: |
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Definition
Enforcement:
- issue citations
- impose fines (high enough)
- surveillance (law enforcement)
Zoning:
- separate incompatible uses
Rationing Use Intensity:
- rotate use (open/close access points)
- restricting access points
- limiting group size
- limit length of stay
- limit camping to designated areas
Activity Regulations:
- restricting campfires
- restricting horses, hunting, fishing(size limit/bag limit) |
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Term
| Indirect management techniques: |
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Definition
Physical Alterations:
- improve, maintain or neglect access roads, campsites,trails,fish or wildlife populations.
Channel use:
- trails
- campfire ring
- bridges
Information dispersal:
- advertising lesser known areas
- education programs
- wilderness use patterns
Eligibility:
- charge entrance fee
- require certification
- deposit for rescue operations |
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Term
| What the number 1 direct management technique for OR? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a scuba diving boat only allows 30 divers on the boat at a time... |
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Definition
| Direct Management Technique |
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Term
| When you are required to have a litter bag in your car when entering upper park... |
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Definition
| Indirect Management Technique |
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Term
| Reservation System Helps: |
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Definition
- people who can plan in advance
- people who are willing to plan in advance
- people with limited free/vacation time
- people who are really committed to doing the activity because they really like that activity
- people for whom it takes them a lot of energy to participate in the activity |
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Term
| Reservation System "no advantage": |
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Definition
- wealthier people
- more highly educated people |
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Term
| Reservation System Hurts: |
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Definition
- spontaneous recreationists
- people whose occupations don't allow long-range planning, such as many professionals
- people unaware that reservations are necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
- people who can plan in advance
- people who are willing to plan in advance
- people with limited free/vacation time
- people who are really committed to doing the activity because they really like that activity
- people for whom it takes them a lot of energy to participate in the activity |
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Term
| Lottery System "no advantage": |
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Definition
- wealthier people
- more highly educated people |
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Term
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Definition
- spontaneous recreationists
- people whose occupations don't allow long-range planning, such as many professionals
- people unaware that reservations are necessary.
- people who really want to do the activity, b/c everyone has an equal shot at the experience despite their level of desire
- people with limited free time because they don't have the time to reapply for the next lottery |
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Term
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Definition
- highly committed users
- richer people |
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Term
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Definition
- spontaneous recreationists
- people with lots of free time
- highly educated recreationists |
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Term
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Definition
- uncommitted users who don't want to pay the price
- the poor |
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Term
| Queing helps (first come/first serve): |
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Definition
- spontaneous recreationists
- people who have low "opportunity costs," that is, they have lots of free time on their hands so can afford to wait in line
- highly committed users
- people who live nearby |
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Term
| Queing "no advantage"(first come/first serve): |
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Definition
- highly educated people
- richer people |
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Term
| Queing Hurts (first come/first serve): |
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Definition
- people who must or can plan in advance
- people who have high opportunity cost values
- "low commitment" people who don't care enough about the activity to want to have to show up early to get a ticket
- people who live far away |
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Term
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Definition
- people who can plan in advance
- people who have the free time to take the required training
- highly committed users
- people who can afford the training
- people with a better education because they're more likely to be a good test taker and pass the test |
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Term
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Definition
| - people who live nearby the recreation site |
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Term
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Definition
- spontaneous recreationists
- people who don't have the time to take the required training
- uncommitted users, because they won't be willing to go through the hassle of earning the merit badge
- people who can't afford the training
- anyone who is a poor test taker (ex., uneducated people) |
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Term
| Who will benefit from rationing use? |
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Definition
| In each case above, visitors who are aware of the system that is in effect will benefit; those unaware of the system will be hurt |
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Term
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Definition
| any act that detracts from the social or physical environment |
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Term
| Reasons to care about depreciative behavior: |
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Definition
- Poor use of limited funds: Funds used to repair or replace damaged items could be spent expanding park facilities or offering more visitor services
- May cause closures
- Affects other park operations
- Causes loss of resources
- Causes loss of beauty
- Causes objectionable visitor experiences
- Prevents visitor exposure to some resources |
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Term
| Why is depreciative behavior increasing? |
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Definition
- Alienation
- Urbanization
- The "norm of non-involvement"
- Increasing leisure time |
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Term
| 3 types of depreciative behavior: |
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Definition
- Nuissance Act
- Legal Violations
- Vandalism |
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Term
| Nuissance Acts as depreciative behavior: |
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Definition
Characteristics:
Done by "unthinking" people
Transitory
Examples:
-Playing a radio too loud
-Letting pets run loose in a campground
-Letting dogs bark
-Draining camper waste water on the ground
-Short-cutting trails
-Throwing rocks in swimming holes
-Placing a portable bar-b-que on a wooden picnic table causing heat damage |
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Term
| Legal violations as depreciative behavior: |
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Definition
Characteristics:
These acts violate specific agency or civil prohibitions (i.e., they're against the law)
Examples:
-Cutting trees for firewood
-Theft
-Traffic violations
-Parking cars in closed areas (such as meadows) causing damage
-Littering |
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Term
| Vandalism acts as depreciative behavior: |
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Definition
Characteristics:
Willful act causing physical damage that lowers the aesthetic or economic value of an object or area
- Acquisitive - Acquired
- Tactical - Tagging
- Vindictive - getting even
- playful - accidental
- malicious- just like to destroy
- Erosive - scratching walls, little by little
Examples:
-Theft of park property
-Spray painting over signs
-Destroying park benches
-Graffiti
-Breaking locks on gates
-Leaving a territorial "tag" on a wall |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that is tossed carelessly or thoughtlessly away |
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Term
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Definition
| that which makes it in the waste basket |
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Term
| What materials are most commonly littered? |
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Definition
Litter along highways:
67% is paper
16% metal cans
10% bottles
7% miscellaneous |
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Term
| Our household "garbage" consists of the following items: |
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Definition
50% paper (1/2 is newspaper)
14% yard wastes (leaves, grass clippings, etc.)
12% food wastes
8% metals
6% glass
6% clothes, rubber, plastics, and leather |
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Term
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Definition
1) Litter is dangerous to humans
"Approximately 45% of all litter-related injuries are caused by throwaway containers" (CPRS 1979: 1).
(2) Litter is dangerous to domestic and wild animals
(3) Litter costs us money
U.S.F.S. researchers estimate that litter control alone on public lands costs $500 million annually
The California Farm Bureau favors a bottle bill because:
"...discarded cans and bottles cause serious injuries to humans and animals and cost farmers hundreds of thousands of dollars a year in damage to tractors and other vehicles."
"...every farmer in California has a horror story involving injuries or crop-threatening equipment damage." (CWF 1982: p. 5)
(4) Litter is ugly
(5) Litter lasts a long time! |
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Term
| How long does it take for litter to decompose under trailside conditions? |
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Definition
Orange peel- 2 weeks to 5m
Plastic coated paper- 1 to 5y
Plastic bags- 10 to 20y
Plastic film - 20 to 30y
Nylon fabrics - 30 to 40y
Hiking boot soles- 50 to 80y Aluminum cans, tabs- 80 to 100y Paper- 2 to 4w
Banana peel- 3 to 5w
Wool cap- 1y
Cigarette butt- 2 to 5y
Disposable diaper- 10 to 20y
Hard plastic container- 20 to 30y
Rubber sole- 50 to 80y
Tin can- 80 to 100y
Aluminum can- 200 to 400y
6-pack holder- 450y
Glass bottle- 1 million years |
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Term
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Definition
- Men (2x) as much as women
- 21-35 year olds litter 3 times as much as those over 50
- Big families
- Small town residents (under 2,500 population) |
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Term
| The 2 main reasons people litter are: |
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Definition
(1) a combination of carelessness, laziness, and indifference
(2) no easy way to dispose of the litter properly |
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Term
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Definition
- provide recycling centers and trash cans
- fines
- require monetary deposits
- educate people
- provide monetary incentives |
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Term
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Definition
| a willful act of physical damage that lowers the aesthetic or economic value of an object or area |
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Term
| Where does the word vandalism come from? |
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Definition
| The original Vandals were a group of Teutonic (northern European) tribes active from 400 to 536 A.D.... In 428 they set sail for Africa, 80,000 strong. The Vandals forcibly occupied much of Roman Africa, including the port of Carthage, which became a pirate stronghold. In 455 they attacked Rome, systematically emptying it of its treasures and destroying public buildings. Early writers called similar acts "vandalism." |
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Term
| Vandalism can result from: |
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Definition
- people being frustrated with the government, parents, teachers, or other individuals
- people going through socialization processes
- people being high-spirited and having a "good" time
- people simply having a disregard for public property
- people having serious psychological problems |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE MAJOR KINDS OF VANDALISM? |
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Definition
(1) Acquisitive vandalism: either stealing property for the purpose of adding it to a "collection" or destroying property during the act of illegally obtaining money or other desired objects
Examples:
- Theft of park signs, nameplates, etc. to put up on a bedroom wall
- Destroying a fee collection box to get money
(2) Playful vandalism: an act that starts innocently (i.e., it isn't planned vandalism), then escalates into willful damage (commonly done by preadolescents) as a result of "interstimulation" (where one individual excites another who further encourages the first person's excitement, etc., etc.); the act is considered "mischievous fun" by the individuals involved
Examples:
- Painting out letters on a sign
- Target practice using signs as targets
- Chasing wildlife in a boat or on a snowmobile
- Stomping animals' burrows closed
(3) Malicious vandalism: destroying something because you like to plunder (ex., you enjoy ransacking things); wanton destruction
Examples:
- Throwing rocks through windows
- Ripping boards from an old picnic table
- Tossing the rocks from a campfire ring into the nearby creek
- Pushing over signposts or road markers
- Running equipment over cliffs
- Pulling up shrubs around park buildings
(4) Erosive vandalism: the individual acts themselves are not very damaging but they have a cumulative effect that causes substantial damage (such acts may result from neglect by the park staff to keep facilities properly maintained)
Examples:
- Graffiti (ex., carving initials in a picnic table)
- Tearing limbs off trees
(5) Vindictive vandalism: the act involves getting even with somebody, an organization, or the "system" (i.e., revenge) because the vandal feels they have received unfair treatment
Examples:
- Slicing a tire on a government vehicle
- Breaking a lock on a gate
(6) Tactical vandalism: when the vandal is trying to leave a message: they want to draw attention to something
Examples:
- Spray painting a message |
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Term
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Definition
- during low use periods
after major events
- during the spring and summer more than other seasons
- before or after Halloween
- late at night |
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Term
| WHICH AREAS OR FACILITIES ARE HARDEST HIT? |
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Definition
- Public property
- Secluded sites that are dark, covered with trees, or hidden from view
- Infrequently patrolled sites
- Sites nearest cities
- Sites that are heavily used - - Sites with extensive facilities
- Flimsy facilities
- Facilities in disrepair
- Buildings that are nearing completion |
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Term
| What type of group/person tends to vandalize the most? |
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Definition
Age- that most persons apprehended are in their teens.
Gender - most persons apprehended are male
Area of residence- over half of all apprehended vandals lived within 35 miles of the vandalized site.
Social class - They represent a wide range of social classes.
Income- Destructive acts are committed by the rich as well as the poor
Education - Destructive acts are committed by the educated as well as the uneducated.
Skilled - Vandalism generally requires no skill or body of knowledge as do more complicated crimes such as bank robbery, picking pockets, or 'hot-wiring' a car prior to theft. |
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Term
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Definition
Appropriate design
- Exposure
- Lighting
- Site security
- Creating garbage gobblers - - - Kid-proofed facilities
- toilets or using one-way screws in bathrooms so fixtures can't easily be removed
- Appropriate placement of signs
- Providing a place for people to leave their name
- Giving visitors a "target" that they are allowed to vandalize
90 percent of all vandalism could be prevented through design.
Controlled access:
- Entrance gates
- Entrance fees
- Registration of visitors
Employee visibility:
- The "presence" of uniformed employees or marked vehicles (low profile law enforcement is often more effective than high profile law enforcement)
Surveillance:
- Campground "hosts" (ex., allowing free camping to responsible campers who agree to report problems)
- Monitoring devices
- Patrols by enforcement staff
Enforcement of vandalism laws:
- Issuance of citations and prosecution of more substantial cases (with the hope that people will spread the word that the site actively prosecutes vandals)
Public involvement:
- "Report Vandalism Here" signs
1-800 phone numbers
- Monetary reward systems for reporting vandalism (ex., the anonymous California Department of Fish and Game CalTIP program for "Turning in Poachers")
- Youth programs aimed at helping kids relate to the park
Maintenance:
- Removing graffiti and "tagged" messages promptly
- Leaving battered signs in place
Education:
- Discussing the extent of vandalism at the site and how such vandalism detracts from the site (ex., show "before" and "after" photos)
- Telling people what vandalism costs them
- Demonstrating appropriate stewardship
- Posting site-specific rules - - Explaining the rules
- Educate parents about vandalism
Personalizing the site:
- Putting up a sign saying "This roadside rest maintained by Alice Jones"
- Playing a radio inside a maintenance closet/shed, giving the idea that someone is in the area cleaning up the site
- Playing soothing background music over loudspeakers
Gimmicks:
- Making messages on signs more relevant to visitors |
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