Term
| Why is the following statement correct: "The right to food is a human right" |
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Definition
Making sure sufficient food is available
People need to have ways to access food
Individual's dietary needs must be met |
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Term
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Definition
| It is used to define the output of plant breeding. A plant population that exists in time and space, selected for desirable characteristics that can be maintained by propogation |
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Term
| What are the essential characteristics of a cultivar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 ways a new cultivar can come about? |
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Definition
Selected from introduced germplasm
Local population or land race
Artificial hybridization
Genetically transformed populations |
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Term
| What are the 2 activities of Plant Breeders? |
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Definition
Make new genetic diversity for traits
Impose selection in this genetic diversity (make something better for farmers) |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of selection procedures that use existing variation? |
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Definition
1. Mass Selection
- Plants are chosen from genetically diverse population on the basis of phenotype and seed composited
- Want to improve cultivar
2. Pure-line Selection
- Descends solely by self-pollination from a single homozygous plant
- Isolate pure lines from a mixed population |
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Term
| What is Artificial Hybridization? |
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Definition
Emasculation of the female genotype (remove anthers)
Pollinate by artifically trasferring pollen from male genotype to the stigma of emasculated flower |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of Crossing Design? |
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Definition
1. Simple cross - cross 2 parents to get progeny
2. Three way cross - cross parents, then cross progeny with parent 3
3. Double cross - cross 2 sets of parents, then cross 2 progeny
4. Back Cross - cross 2 parents, then cross progeny with parent 1 again (can get a gene that is regularly not present this way) |
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Term
What is best for parental selection?
(Think statistics) |
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Definition
Want high mean and large genetic variance
Want to cros good x good, but geneticaly different
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Term
| What are the 3 types of "No Early Generation Selection"? |
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Definition
1. Bulk Method
- Each plant becomes a variety. Grow 100 progeny, select for next generation and repeat until homozygoticity is reached
- Allows for natural selection, no record keeping
- Progeny is lost due to sampling
2. Single Seed Descent
- Select single seed from each F generation
- Minimizes natural selection and loss of progeny from sampling
- No selection during early generations
3. Double Haploid
- Produce haploids with anther culture, chromosome elimination or haploid inducer
- Saves time, selection is efficient
- Unfavourable linkages are preserved |
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Term
| What are the types of Early Generation Testing? |
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Definition
Evaluate lines at an early generation of selfing, so that phenotyping can be focused on lines that are most promising
1. Pedigree Selection
- Breeder maintains family by growing progeny of each selected single plant
- Select in early generations when 1 homozyosity is achieved
- Traces lineage well
- However, detailed tracking of pedigrees is needed
2. Phenotypic Back-Cross
- Introgree major genes into another germplasm
- Donor parent has major gene, recurrent parent receives the major gene
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Term
| What is marker-assisted back crossing? |
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Definition
Molecular markers are used for the following:
Foreground selection - track the gene being introgressed
Background selection - use amrker to recover the recurrent parent genome |
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Term
| What would the ideal Ontario Wheat look like? |
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Definition
High yield
High end-use quality
Resistent to biotic and abiotic stresses
Early maturity |
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