Term
| What was the Mark I used for? |
|
Definition
| It was used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations. |
|
|
Term
| What was the earliest known calculating tool? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was the Abacus invented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the 17th century European mathematician who invented a mechanical calculator which used pegged wheels to perform basic addition and subtraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another European mathematician improved upon Pascal's mechanical calculator by adding the features of multiplication and division. His name was: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1842, Charles Babbage and a mathematics professor at Cambridge University designed an _______ ______ that performed calculations automatically. Due to lack thereof technological advancements, this device was never actually produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1890, _______ ________, an American statistician developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from thousands and millions of census data. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who invented the 1st electronic digital computer? |
|
Definition
| John Atansoff and Clifford Berry |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the first electronic digital computer? When was it invented? |
|
Definition
| Atansoff-Berry Computer (ABC) - 1939 |
|
|
Term
| In 1944, the _____ _ aka the automatic sequence controlled calculator (ASCC) was developed at Harvard University. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who designed the MARK series of computers? |
|
Definition
| Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper |
|
|
Term
| The Mark I was in operation from 1944 - 19__. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is CONSIDERED to be the first digital computer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1946, at the University of Pennsylvania, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert developed the ______ computer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ computer was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the US army's ballistic research laboratory. However, the first problems run on the ______ were related to the design of the hydrogen bomb. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1948, ______ ______, a British born American physicist developed the transistor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ is an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow electronic signals to pass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ made possible the development of the "stored program" computer and signaled today's continuing explosion in computer science. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ generation computers were vacuum tube devices. (1939-1958) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ generation computers were based on individually packaged transistors. (1958-1964) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ generation computers used integrated circuits consisting of many transistors and other electronic elements fused onto a tiny chip of semiconductor material, usually silicon. The microprocessor was developed during this generation in 1971 by Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation. (1964-1975) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ generation computers incorporated large-scale integration (LSI) and now very large scale integration (VLSI), which places millions of circuit elements on a chip less than 1 cm in size. (1975-present) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ refers to a continuously varying quantity; _____ uses discrete precise values that vary only through coding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Computers use _______ Logic to solve equations and run programs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ Logic is fashioned from a system of algebra devised by English mathematician George Boole in the mid-1800s, in which symbols were substituted for all the words used in formal logic; i.e. - if, then, either, else... etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are the fastest and highest capacity computers. They are often used in research in fields such as weather forecasting and mathematics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ _________ are fast, large capacity systems typically used in banking, airlines, and government. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are powerful desktop systems introduced in the early 1980s, which are usually connected to larger computer systems to transfer and share data and information. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________, aka - the PC, also includes such devices as PDAs and electronic organizers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are tiny computers installed in "smart" appliances and calculators. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two principle parts of a computer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hardware is typically categorized according to its function or operation. List the subcategories (6): |
|
Definition
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Memory
4. Storage
5. Output
6. Communication |
|
|
Term
| ____ hardware converts data into a form that the computer can use. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List examples of input hardware: |
|
Definition
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanners
4. Bar-code readers
5. Microphones |
|
|
Term
| The electronic circuitry that does the actual computations and the memory that supports this are together called the ________ hardware or simply the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In larger computers, the processing hardware is called the _____ ________ ____. In smaller computers, the processing hardware is called the __________. |
|
Definition
Larger computer processor = Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Smaller computer processor = Microprocessor |
|
|
Term
| The CPU (processor) consists of two sub-units: |
|
Definition
1. Control unit
2. The arithmetic/logic unit |
|
|
Term
| The control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit of the CPU (processor) is connected by an electrical conductor called the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ ____ of the CPU tells the computer how to carry out software instructions, which direct the hardware to perform a task. It also directs data to the arithmetic/logic unit or to memory, and it controls data transfer between main memory and the input and output hardware. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The speed at which the control unit accomplishes tasks is determined by the computer's _________. This speed is usually expressed in MHz or GHz. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________/_____ unit of the CPU receives data from the control unit and performs arithmetic and logic calculations, stores the results until they can be transferred to memory, and controls the speed of these operations. |
|
Definition
| arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) |
|
|
Term
| The speeds of the control unit and the ALU are both controlled by the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Computer memory hardware is distinguished from computer storage hardware by its ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Memory is ______. Storage is ______. |
|
Definition
Memory = active
Storage = archival |
|
|
Term
| Active memory is most commonly referred to as ______ ______ ______ or ___. |
|
Definition
| Random Access Memory (RAM) |
|
|
Term
| _______ _______ means that data can be stored or accessed at random from anywhere in main memory in about the same amount of time, regardless of its location. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are RAM contents (temporary/permanent)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RAM capacity is usually expressed in ______ or _______. |
|
Definition
| megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of RAM? |
|
Definition
1. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
2. Static RAM (SRAM) |
|
|
Term
| ____ ____ _______ contains info supplied by the computer manufacturer called "firmware" and cannot be written on or erased. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ROM chips contain the ROM BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). What is the purpose of the ROM BIOS? |
|
Definition
| The ROM BIOS are the instructions that tell the computer what to do when first turned on. |
|
|
Term
| ___ ____ helps the processor transfer info between the monitor, printer, and other peripheral devices to make sure all devices are working correctly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main circuit board of the computer is called the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ contains the microprocessor, coprocessor chips, RAM, and ROM chips, any other types of memory the system may have, and expansion slots for adding additional circuit boards. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All data processed by the computer pass through the _____ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ ______ is the working storage of the computer. The computer must have enough ____ ______ to store all data and programs needed for processing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Computers typically have secondary storage devices such as a ____ ____ which functions as the computer's file cabinet where data is stored until it needs to be retrieved. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest measurement of storage capacity is the ___, which represents one binary digit, either 0 or 1. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eight bits of data make one ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Storage capacity is typically expressed in Kilobytes (____ bytes), Megabytes (____ bytes), Gigabytes (____ bytes), and Terabytes (_____ bytes). |
|
Definition
Kilobyte = 1,000 bytes
Megabyte = 1 million bytes
Gigabyte = 1 billion bytes
Terabyte = 1,000 billion bytes |
|
|
Term
| What type of secondary storage system is this? This system consists of two or more disk drives in a single cabinet that collectively act as a single storage system. It is very reliable, because if one disk fails, another can take over without causing the system to crash. YRMC uses this system. |
|
Definition
| Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) |
|
|
Term
| ______ hardware consists of devices that translate computer info into a form that humans can understand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common output devices are ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A computer ________ is an input/output device that uses a keyboard for input and a monitor for output. This device can be dumb or smart. Dumb _______ only send or receive data, they cannot process data. Smart _______ have processing capacity and RAM, but do not have storage capacity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ refers to the instructions written in a computer language that guide the computer through its designated operations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Computers operate on the ______ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is composed of various computer programs that enable the user to operate the computer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ programs are software that is written in a higher level language for the express purpose of carrying out some user function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ ______ software is a series of instructions that organizes the course of data through the computer to the solution of a particular problem. Windows is the most well-known of this type of software. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ _________ are the software that when installed on a computer system, permit the computer to perform a specific task. Word, Excel, Access, Lotus, and Quicken are examples. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most spreadsheet and word processing applications offer built-in programming commands known as _____. They are used to carry out user-defined functions or a series of functions in the applications. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ imaging is the process of capturing remnant energy from an imaging device, i.e. - an x-ray machine, and transforming the energy into electrical signals that are measured by detectors and assigned discreet values (digits) that are processed, stored, and displayed by computers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in digital image acquisition? |
|
Definition
| capturing energy and transforming it into electrical signals |
|
|
Term
| ____ introduced Computed Radiography in the late 1970s. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ radiography uses a photostimulable phosphor as the IR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each cell of an image matrix is called a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In DR imaging, the value of the pixel determines its ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the size of an image matrix? |
|
Definition
1. characteristics of the imaging equipment
2. capacity of the computer |
|
|
Term
| The size of the image matrix and the Field of View (FOV) determine the ______ _______ for digital images. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spatial resolution in digital imaging is limited by the size of the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ______ is the total range of values over which a system can respond, also known as its gray-scale. In other words, it is the number of shades of gray that can be represented. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The maximum number of shades of gray that can be represented by a digital imaging system is the numeric range of each pixel, also known as its ___-_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can the dynamic range of an imaging system be less than the bit-depth of its monitor's pixels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dynamic range of the human eye is approximately __ or __ shades of gray between black and white. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dynamic range of the x-ray beam as it exits the patient is in excess of __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ the dynamic range, the more gradual will be the gray scale representing the range from maximum x-ray intensity to minimum x-ray intensity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The greater the dynamic range, the ______ the contrast resolution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High dynamic range allows for _____ image latitude. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The use of a computer to change the appearance of an image after it has been acquired is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two characteristics of 'windowing' or of the 'window'? |
|
Definition
1. window level
2. window width |
|
|
Term
| Window _____ identifies the type of tissue to be imaged. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Window _____ determines the gray-scale rendition of the tissue, and therefore image contrast. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The wider the window width, the ______ the gray scale and the _____ the contrast. |
|
Definition
| longer gray scale, lower contrast |
|
|
Term
| The narrower the window width, the_______ the gray scale and the ______ the contrast. |
|
Definition
| shorter gray scale, higher contrast |
|
|
