Term
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Definition
the chromosomes appear condensed, and the nuclear envelope is not apparent.
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Term
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Definition
| chromatids of each chromosome have separated and are moving toward the poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| complex structures in the nucleus that contain DNA and special proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| a plane that is equally distant from the two spindle poles. |
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Term
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Definition
| flexible structure composed of lipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| thick, coiled, chromosomes, each with two chromatids, are lined up on metaphase plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber cluster that pulls chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| brain of the cell. controls eating, movement, and reproduction within cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell division of somatic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| arm of chromosome attached to centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes are at poles, and are becoming more diffuse. nuclear envelope is reforming |
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Term
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Definition
| flexible structure composed of lipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleolus and nuclear envelope are distinct and chromosomes are in form of thread like chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| how the body grows and somatic cells are replaced |
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Term
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Definition
| the first subphase of interphase |
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Term
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Definition
| where the cell spends most of it's life |
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Term
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Definition
| majority of the cell growth occurs here |
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Term
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Definition
| the second phase of interphase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| final stage in interphase |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles are reproduced |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatids (spiral filaments) reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA tightly coils and becomes visible under a microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| since the genetic material has been dupl. in interphase, there are two identical copies of each chromosome in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin fibers become coiled into chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the nucleolus disappears during prophase |
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Term
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Definition
| the nuclear envelope begins to disappear at the end of this stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| this stage accounts for approximately 3% of the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes align across equator of cell between the two centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
| the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| this phase begins when the duplicated centromeres of each pair of sister chromatids separate, and the now-daugher chromosomes begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell due to the action of the spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| each centromere divides into two |
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Term
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Definition
| divided centromeres start moving to opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
| at the end of this phase, a complete set of chromosomes has assembled at each pole of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleoli and two new nuclear membranes appear |
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Term
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Definition
| cytokenesis usually occurs during this stage |
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Term
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Definition
| here: the chromosomes begin to uncoil and start elongating. the elongated chromosome eventrually resembles the cell in the begining of interphase |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest unit of living matter |
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Term
| four characteristics of living matter |
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Definition
conductivity
irritability
contractability
metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| all living matter is composed of ... |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells form together to make... |
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Term
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Definition
| several types of tissues create... |
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Term
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Definition
| organs combine to create... |
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Term
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Definition
| flexible structure composed of lipids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| contains phospholipid bi-layer that prevents passage of foreign molecules into the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| transports proteins and aids substances in and out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| acts like the brain of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| helps control eating, movement, and reproduction. Located within the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| there are pores and spaces for RNA and proteins to pass through while it keeps all of the chromatin and nucleolus inside. |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle within the nucleus that manufactures ribosomes (the cells protein-producing structures) |
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Term
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Definition
| packed inside the nucleus of every human cell is 6 ft ofDNA. since DNA cannot be crammed into the nucleus like a ball of string, it is, instead combined with proteins and organized into a precise compact structure called ... |
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Term
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Definition
| a mostly water 'soup' within the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| full of enzymes that also break down larger molecules so they can be used |
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Term
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Definition
| all the other organelles (not mentioned) reside here |
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Term
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Definition
| most of the cellular metabolism occurs here |
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Term
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Definition
| collective term for the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| function to build and synth. proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| made of proteins and rRNA. information is sent from the DNA to here of what types of proteins need to be produces |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in the cytosol and make proteins that are used inside the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| make proteins that are used inside the cell and that will be exported. found on the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| manufactures, processes, and transports a wide variety of biochemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aids in production of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and the detoxification of drugs and poisons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ribosomes are attached. involved mainly with the production and processing of proteins that will be exported, or secreted from the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle cells contain the most of these since they require more energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| if any cell feels it is not getting enough energy to survive, more ... can be created |
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Term
| golgi apparatus or complex |
|
Definition
| gathers proteins and lipids that have been built in the e.r. and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. |
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Term
| golgi complex or apparatus |
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Definition
| takes the big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| golgi apparatus or complex |
|
Definition
| the single membrane has two layers. the membrane of this surrounds an area of fluid where the molecules are stored and changed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| because this absorbs vesicles from the RER, you will also find ribosomes in those pancake stacks |
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Term
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Definition
| recycles the cell's organic material |
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Term
|
Definition
| break down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds, which are then transferred back to the cytoplasm and new cell-building materials |
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Term
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Definition
| most numerous in disease-fighting cells such as white blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| the building blocks of nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
sugar= ribose
bases= adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine
phosphate |
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Term
|
Definition
Sugar= deoxy-ribose (this provides chemical stab.)
bases= a, t, c, g
phosphate |
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Term
|
Definition
| located in the nucleus- most sensitive part of the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains genetic information - *all heredity information |
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for directing cellular activity and transmitting genetic info from cell to cell and generation to generation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Double stranded structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| each strand of DNA contains many... |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| complex structures in the nucleus that contain DNA and special proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| located in the nucleus.. on each of this are genes which contain a finite segment of DNA with a specific base sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
alteration in the sequence of DNA
*alterations to some genes are more severe than others
*If severe enough, may cause cell death |
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Term
|
Definition
| promotion of practices that limit exposure to a minimum |
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Term
|
Definition
| combines rad. physics and biology in a clinical setting |
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Term
|
Definition
| to maximize the benefit of an examination or procedure while minimizing the risk to a patient is the goal of... |
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Term
|
Definition
| as low as reasonably acheivable |
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Term
| As low as reasonably achievable |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| is is assumed that radiation causes harm t or f? |
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Term
|
Definition
| branch of science that looks at effects of ionizing radiation on living matter. most effects on cellular level |
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Term
Traditional (US)
SI= systeme international (around the world) |
|
Definition
| two types of radiation units in general |
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Term
|
Definition
| SI unit for exposure in air |
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Term
|
Definition
| Traditional unit for exposure in air |
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|
Term
Exposure in Air
( c/kg and Roentgen) |
|
Definition
| measures ionization of air |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA replication occurs here but remains attached to chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of chromosomes in the cell doubles |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a given number of electrons |
|
Definition
| Coloumb is an SI unit of electric charge. kg measures quant. of air and the coloumbs represents ...? |
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|
Term
| roentgen (exposure in air) |
|
Definition
| Simply measures amount of ionization produces by x-ray or gamma-radiation in air. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Measures absorbed dose (SI unit) |
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|
Term
| rad (radiation absorbed dose) |
|
Definition
| measures absorbed dose (traditional unit) |
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|
Term
| 1cGy or 1/100 gray or .01 Gy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy transfer of 100 ergs per gram of absorbing material |
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Term
|
Definition
| SI unit for occupational exposure |
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|
Term
| rem (radiation equiv. man) |
|
Definition
| Trad. unit for occupational exposure |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Si unit for radioactivity |
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Term
|
Definition
| trad. unit for radioactivity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 3.7x10^10 disinegrations/sec. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is larger? curie or becquerel? |
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|
Term
| rad. material to decay 50% of its original activity |
|
Definition
| half-life... time that it takes for... |
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Term
|
Definition
| if 100 atoms, and it takes 3 hrs for 50 to decay, wat is half life? |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in ____, becquerel found 3 types of rad: alpha, beta, and gamma |
|
|
Term
| protons, neutrons, electrons |
|
Definition
| 3 basic parts of atom anatomy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ionization: an atom is considered stable when the number of protons is equal to ? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ... is rad. tat has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms when it passes through or collides with material |
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Term
|
Definition
| The loss of an e- and its neg. charge causes atom to become _______ charged |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| emitted from unstable nuclei during radiation decay process |
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Term
|
Definition
| does not penetrate matter well bc of its size |
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Term
|
Definition
| no medical use bc of low penetrability. interact with matter quickly and have a high electrrcal charge bc of their size |
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Term
|
Definition
produced only in or near nucleus of the atom
high speed electrons
charge of +1 or -1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive electron radiation produced by radioactive decay or pair production. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pair production occurs when a photon interacts with a nucleus and converts the energy into.... |
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Term
|
Definition
| produced solely by radioactive decay |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| can travel up to 3 meters/meV of enrgy in air and 2cm in tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ... is used to treat various cancers and emits both beta and gamma radiation |
|
|
Term
positron...
PET (positron emission tomography) |
|
Definition
| ... are used for PET scans |
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Term
|
Definition
| form(s) of photons or electromagnetic radiation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| have no charge and no mass (involved in x and gama rays) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the only difference between x and gamma rays |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ... are photons emitted from nucleus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ... are photons that originate in the orbit around the nucleus when electrons change orbital shells. |
|
|
Term
iodine 131-radioactive iodine
cesium 137- brachytherapy for gyn.
cobalt 60- used in rad. therapy
|
|
Definition
| most radioactive materials used in medicine emit gamma radiation such as: |
|
|
Term
cosmic rays
terrestrial rad.
internal exposure |
|
Definition
| 3 sources of natural background radiation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| originate from nuclear rxns in space and in sun |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| naturally radioactive materials due to isotopes of uranium, thorium, and radium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| largest exposure to terrestrial radiation is... |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| results from the radioactive material in out bodies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| which isotope in our bodies of internal exposure delivers the highest dosage??? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| internal exposure is dependent on ... |
|
|
Term
medical xrays
consumer products
tobacco
nuclear sources |
|
Definition
| name four man-made sources |
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|
