Term
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Definition
1. Main-chain scission with only one side rails severed.
2. Main-chain scission with both side rails severed.
3. Main-chain scission and subsequent cross-linking.
4. Rung breakage causing a separation of bases.
5. Change or loss of a base |
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Term
| What is meant by "Cross linking"? |
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Definition
| Macromolecules have side structures that behave as though they have a sticky substance on their ends, they attach to another macromelcule |
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Term
| What is meant by "In Vitro"? |
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Definition
| Outside the body or outside the cell |
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Term
| What is a point mutation? |
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Definition
| Molecular lesion caused by the change or loss of a base that destroys the triplet code and may not be reversible |
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Term
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Definition
| Any change that results in impairment or loss of function at the point of a single chemical bond. |
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Term
| What would repair a point lesion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a "free radical"? |
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Definition
| Short-lived, highly reactive, unstable, uncharged molecule containing a single unpaired electron in the outermost shell. |
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Term
| Explain the "Target Theory"? |
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Definition
| Theory that a cell will die if target molecules are inactivated as a result of radiation exposure |
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Term
| List the effects of irradiation of macromolecules in solutions in vitro |
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Definition
| Main-chain scission, cross-linking, point mutations, a change in velocity. |
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Term
| How is solution viscosity used to determine the degree of radiation macromolecular damage? |
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Definition
| Viscosity of the solution increases after a high dose of radiation of macromolecule. It measures of the degree of main-chain scission of macromolecules |
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Term
| What is meant by a "Radiation Hit"? |
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Definition
| Occurs when radiation interactions hit the target molecule (DNA) |
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Term
| What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? |
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Definition
| Catabolism is the breakup of larger molecules into small molecules, Anabolism is the construction of larger molecules from smaller molecules. |
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Term
| The viscosity of a solution determines the degree of main chain scission. Why? |
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Definition
| If the solution has high viscosity then it will be thick and slow to flow, if the viscosity is low then it will be thin and flow. |
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Term
| In what phase of the cell cycle does the DNA ladder open up in the middle of each rung and consist of only a single chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three principal observable effects of DNA irradiation. |
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Definition
| Cell death, milavgnat disease, and genetic damage. |
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Term
| Differentiate among transcription, transfer, and translation. |
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Definition
Transcription - Process of constricting mRNA
Transfer - Addition of an amino acid during translation
Translation - Process of forming a molecule from messenger RNA |
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Term
| Write the formula for radiolysis of water in which the atom of water is ionized and dissociates into two ions |
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Definition
| H2O + energy in the form of radiation --> HOH+ + e- |
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Term
| What happens to radiation-induced free radicals within the cell? |
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Definition
| Free radicals contain excess energy that can be transferred to other molecules to disrupt bonds and produce post lesions at some distance from the initial ionizing event |
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Term
| What is meant by "Stochastic effect"? |
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Definition
Probability or frequency of the biological respite to radiation as a function of radiation does. Disease incident increases proportionally with dose, and there is no does threshold.
- Effects observed at the whole body |
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Term
| What molecular change results in a stochastic effect? |
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Definition
| If damage to the DNA occurs within a germ cell, then it is possible that the response to radiation exposure will not be observed until the following generation or even later. |
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Term
| Describe the molecular cause of a deterministic effect. |
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Definition
| The DNA molecule can be damaged without the production of a visible chromosome aberration. Although such damage is irreversible, it can lead to cell death. |
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Term
| Complete the following chemical Equations: |
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Definition
H2O + Radiation = HOH+ + e-
HOH+ (dissociation) = H+ + OH*
HOH- (dissociation) = OH- + H* |
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Term
| What is the direct effect? |
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Definition
| Effect of radiation that occurs when ionizing radiation interacts directly with a particularly radiosensitive molecules |
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Term
| What is the indirect effect? |
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Definition
| Effect of radiation that results from the production of free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water. |
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Term
| How much DNA is in a cell? |
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Definition
| The DNA molecule is not found in abundance in the cell. In fact, there may be only one such molecule in the cell. |
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Term
| What phase is "period of cell growth before the DNA is duplicated"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase is "period when the DNA is duplicated"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phase is "period after DNA is duplicated. Cell prepares for division"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic cells undergo reproduction cells is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| This division phase is characterized by four sub phases? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four sub phases in Mitosis? |
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Definition
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase |
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Term
| What are the four phases of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the gap in cell growth between M and S? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pre-DNA synthesis phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the DNA synthesis phase |
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Definition
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Term
| An exact copy for asexual reproduction, growth, or tissue repair is what? |
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Definition
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