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And Indian epic that portrayed women as weak-willed and emotional.
In the epic, the beautiful Sita loyally followed her husband, Rama, into undeserved exile in a wild forest yet remained faithful to him even during a long separation. |
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Guilds that functioned as sub-castes, based on occupation.
Assumed much of the responsibility for maintaining social order in India.
Performed services that central governments provided in other lands. |
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Ruled during the high point of the Indian empire, grandson to Chandragupta.
Began reign as a conqueror.
Organized a tight bureaucratic; created uniform taxes and laws.
Created a stable government. |
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| Jain term for the principal of nonviolence to other living things or their souls. |
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Indian Kshatriya who achieved enlightenment and became known as the Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.
Born in 563 BCE. |
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Core of the Buddha's doctrine, known as the Four Noble Truths.
Teaches that all life involves suffering, and that desire is the cause of suffering, and that the elimination of desire brings an end to suffering. |
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| Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated. |
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| Mahayana Buddhist Doctrine |
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Buddhism requires a devotional focus that helped converts channel their spiritual energies and identity more closely with their faith.
Bodhisattvas were individuals who reached spiritual perfection.
Buddhist monasteries accepted gifts. |
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Hinduism underwent changes that transformed it into a popular religion of salvation.
Departed from old traditions. |
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A short poetic work that illustrates both the expectations that Hinduism made of individuals and the promise of salvation that it held out to them.
No one author, written by many people, date when written unknown. |
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Another name for "city-state".
Originally referred to a citadel or fortified site that offered refuge for communities during times of war or other emergencies. |
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Democracy in Greece originated in Athens.
Solon made reforms that created peace between warring classes, led to creation of democracy in Greece.
Pericles furthered democratic advancements. |
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Led Athens during the peak of democracy there.
Most popular Athenian leader, led them to new heights in sophistication. |
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A long struggle between Persia and Greece.
Persians took over parts of Greece, Greeks revolted.
Multiple Persian emperors tried but failed to conquer Greece. |
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Alexander succeed his father after his death.
Conquered a vast area including the Persian and Egyptian empires. |
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After the death of Alexander, his generals took over parts of his empire.
Seperated into the Ptolemaic, Antigonid, and Seleucid empires. |
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In 776 BCE, Greek communities from all across the Mediterranean sent their best athletes to the city state of Olympia.
Though the city states were not directly connected, it created a sense of unity in Greece. |
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In 509 BCE, the Romans deposed the last Etruscan king and replaced the monarchy with a republic.
Established a constitution. |
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During the 5th century BCE, a conflict between the two classes.
To maintain the Roman state, Plebeians were granted more power.
Tensions existed until the end of the Roman Empire. |
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After the death of Caesar, power struggle existed.
Octavian gained power; senate named him Augustus.
Reigned as a dictator for 45 years. |
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Roads linked all of the Roman Empire.
Some roads traveled thousand of miles, allowed creation of networks for trade and communication. |
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Based on traditional of written laws since 450 BCE.
Had to create new laws as Empire expanded.
Created standard of justice such the principal that defendants are innocent until proven guilty.
Helped to unify conquered lands. |
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Translated as "our sea" from the Roman's language.
Called this because of the intensive presence of the Roman navy on the seas. |
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