Term
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Definition
SHH -- zone of polarizing activity (base) --> anterior-posterior
Wnt-7 -- apical ectodermal ridge --> dorsal-ventral
FGF -- apical ectodermal ridge --> stim mitosis for lengthening |
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Term
| rules of early development |
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Definition
Week 2 (rule of 2s): 2 germ layers, 2 cavities, 2 parts of placenta
Week 3 (rule of 3s): 3 germ layers
Week 4 (rule of 4s): 4 heart chambers, 4 limb buds |
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Term
| how does neural tube form? when does neural tube close? |
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Definition
| notochord induces overlying ectoderm to become neural plate --> neural tube and neural crest cells (by week 4!!) |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of epiblast and hypoblast --> future mouth! |
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Term
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Definition
3-8 wks
embryonic period
most susceptible to teratogens!! gasp!! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
alar = sensory, dorsal
basal = motor, ventral |
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Term
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Definition
| remnant of primitive streak! remove by 6 mo!! |
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Term
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Definition
sirenomelia
abnormal mesoderm migration during gastrulation |
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Term
| association with imperforate anus |
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Definition
urogenital tract anomalies!!!!
also VACTERL (mesoderm defects) |
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Term
| malformation vs. deformation |
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Definition
malformation -- intrinsic, within 3-8wks (embryonic period)
deformation -- extrinsic, after 3-8wks |
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Term
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Definition
agenesis -- no organ b/c no primordial tissue
aplasia -- no organ despite having primordial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
# chorions/# amnions
dizygotic --> di/di
0-4 days (25%) --> di/di
4-8 days (75%) --> mono/di
8-12 days --> mono/mono
>13 days --> conjoined |
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Term
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Definition
| allantois becomes urachus -- connects bladder and yolk sac (future umbilicus) |
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Term
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Definition
| connects midgut to yolk sac (future umbilicus) |
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Term
| Meckel's diverticulum vs. vitelline sinus vs. vitelline duct cyst |
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Definition
Meckel's -- part by midgut patent
vitelline sinus -- part by umbilicus patent
vitelline duct cyst -- middle part patent |
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Term
| forming aorta and pulm trunk |
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Definition
| NEURAL CREST --> truncal and bulbar ridges that SPIRAL and fuse to form aorticopulmonary septum (AP septum) |
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Term
| problems with AP septum formation |
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Definition
failure to spiral --> D-transposition
skewed --> tetrology
partial development --> persistent TA |
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Term
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Definition
1. muscular portion forms
2. AP septum, endocardial cushions, and muscular portion of IV septum form membranous IV septum |
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Term
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Definition
1. septum primum grows down, making foramen primum smaller
2. perforations in septum primum form foramen secundum as foramen primum closes
3. septum secundum grows down to right of septum primum and has permanent foramen ovale
4. top of septum primum goes away, bottom part is valve for foramen ovale
5. fusion of septums |
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Term
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Definition
1. foramen primum defect -- bottom -- foramen primum and AV septum didn't fuse
2. foramen secundum defect -- foramen ovale too big (septum secundum too small, leftover septum primum too small)
3. probe patent foramen ovale -- incomplete fusion of septums (considered "normal variant"!) |
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Term
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Definition
1. yolk sac (3-8wk) -- zeta2epsilon2
2. liver (6-30wk)
3. spleen (9-28wk)
4. bone marrow
HbF = alpha2gamma2
adult Hb = alpha2beta2
HbF --> adult Hb @ 6 mo |
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Term
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Definition
umbilical vein (~80%!!) --> ductus venosus --> IVC --> RA --> foramen ovale --> LA --> LV --> aorta --> carotids
carotids --> SVC --> RA --> RV --> pulm artery --> ductus arteriosis --> descending aorta --> umbilical arteries (off internal iliacs) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. decreased pulm resistance --> increased LA pressure --> close foramen ovale
2. increased O2 --> close ductus arteriosis |
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Term
|
Definition
high AFP
high acetylcholinesterase |
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Term
|
Definition
wrong gestational age!!
NTD, multiple gestations, abd wall defects |
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Term
|
Definition
| telencephalon fails to divide!! --> cyclopia |
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Term
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Definition
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate -> micrognathia, facial abnormalities
can be part of Pierre-Robin syndrome |
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Term
| parts of brachial arch derived from... |
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Definition
cartilage/bones -- neural crest
muscles -- mesoderm
nerves -- neural ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
above vocal cords --> superior laryngeal branch (internal branch)
below vocal cords --> recurrent laryngenal |
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Term
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Definition
1. skin
2. superficial cervical fascia
3. investing and pretracheal layers of deep cervical fascia
4. cricothyroid ligament |
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Term
| congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula |
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Definition
| persistence of 3rd cleft and pouch --> fistula b/t tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck!! |
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Term
|
Definition
failure of fusion between
1) maxillary process
2) medial nasal process |
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Term
|
Definition
failure of fusion between
1) lateral palatine processes of maxillary prominences
2) nasal septum
3) median palatine process (primary palate) |
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Term
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Definition
rostal fold --> sternal defects
lateral fold --> omphalocele, gastroschisis
caudal fold --> bladder exstrophy |
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Term
| duodenal vs. distal GI atresia |
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Definition
duodenal -- failure to recanalize (trisomy 21, other defects)
distal GI -- vascular accident (isolated defect) |
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Term
| distal GI segment winding around thin vascular stalk |
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Definition
apple peel atresia
jejunal, ileal, colonic atresia!! |
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Term
| most common type of TE fistula |
|
Definition
blind esophagus
distal esophagus comes of trachea |
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Term
| ventral vs. dorsal pancreatic duct |
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Definition
ventral -- uncinate process, inferior part of head, prox 1/3 of main pancreatic duct
dorsal -- everything else! |
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Term
|
Definition
| mesodermal, but uses celiac artery! |
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Term
|
Definition
intermediate mesoderm --> urogenital ridge --> nephrogenic cord --> everything else
1. pronephros (most rostral) -- week 4, degenerates
2. mesonephros -- functions for 1st trimester
3. metanephros (within mesonephros) -- ureteric bud (caudal end of mesonephros) --> ureter, pelvises, calyces, CDs; metanephric mesenchyme --> glomerulus and tubules to DCT with interaction of ureteric bud |
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Term
|
Definition
ureteropelvic junction last to canalize --> most common site of obstruction
Potter's -- malformation of ureteric bud |
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Term
| mesonephric duct derivatives |
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Definition
= Wolffian duct
SEED
Seminal vesicles
Epididymis
Ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens
(NOT prostate -- urogenital sinus!!) |
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Term
| paramesonephric duct derivatives |
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Definition
= Mullerian ducts
fallopian tube, uterus, upper 2/3 vagina
(NOT lower 1/3 vagina -- urogenital sinus!!) |
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Term
| primary amenorrhea + fully developed secondary sexual characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete fusion of Mullerian ducts |
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Term
|
Definition
Sertoli cell --> anti-Mullerian hormone --> NO internal female genitalia
Leydig cell --> testosterone --> develop Wolffian ducts --> internal male genitalia
DHT --> male external genitalia, prostate |
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Term
what do get if you're XY and...
1) no Sertoli cells
2) no 5alpha-reductase
3) androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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Definition
1) male AND female internal genitalia, male external genitalia
2) male internal genitalia, female/ambiguous external genitalia (until puberty - "penis at 12!!")
3) no internal genitalia (have AMH, but no response to testosterone!), female/ambiguous external genitalia |
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Term
|
Definition
ventral opening
failure of urethral folds to close
more common
fix to prevent UTIs |
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Term
|
Definition
dorsal opening
faulty positioning of genital tubercle
associated with exstrophy of bladder!! |
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Term
|
Definition
| ovarian ligament + round ligament |
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Term
|
Definition
usually, malposition/birth trauma --> SCM injury and fibrosis
rarely, ervical spine deformities -- get cervical x-rays!! |
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