Term
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Definition
| "I've hear that a lot" - ideas are often accepted as being true because they have been around as long as anyone can remember or because they have been repeated over and over again |
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Term
| Method of Tenacity (examples) |
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Definition
opposites attract
slogans and advertising
superstitious behaviour such as walking under a ladder |
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Term
| Problems with the Method of Tenacity |
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Definition
| No on when ever checks it's validity, don't consider other ideas, ideas or products aren't subjected to skeptical, critical and objective scrutiny...they are accepted at face value |
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Term
| What are the methods of knowing? (6) |
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Definition
1 - Method of Tenacity
2 - Method of Authority
3 - Method of Faith
4 - Method of Intuition
5 - Rational Method
6 - Method of Empiricism |
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Term
| Method of Authority (def) |
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Definition
| "Ask an Expert" - rely on someone with superior knowledge to give us the knowledge and facts. A quick and easy way to get facts (remember to get a second expert opinion) |
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Term
| When using the method of tenacity what type of questions should you ask yourself? |
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Definition
Credibility of the source...
Does the person know what they are talking about?
Are they really an expert on this topic?
Is this person trustworthy?
Does the person have something to gain themslves by making you believe something? |
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Term
| Method of Faith (def and ex) |
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Definition
"Ask your dad" - you accept the word of an authority because you have total faith in the authority figure. involves accepting someone else's idea of the truth without challenging it
ex: bible |
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Term
| Method of Intuition (def and ex) |
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Definition
"I've got a feeling" (that tonight's gonna be a good night....not actually. i'm at the library.it's friday) Fairly common, it is the tendency that we accept something as being true just because it feels right. a gut feeling. Not supported by any credible evidence
ex:after you've just met someone you instantly take a liking to them, or you dislike them |
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Term
| Rational Method (def, pro, con) |
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Definition
That makes sense/sounds reasonable - thinking things through to find answers and solve problems, using logical reasoning.
Pro: often leads us to reasonable answers, because it relies on memory and logical reasnoing skills
Con: these things can be faulty, humans make a lot of errors in reasoning |
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Term
| Method of Empiricism (def) |
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Definition
| "I won't believe it until i see it for myself" - a way of knowing through direct experience (taste, touch, smell, sight, hearing). It's not enough to know something through reason or tenacity |
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Term
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Definition
just because you've never traveled to india doesn't mean it doesn't exist....optical illusions,
can't always rely on what you see with your eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to finding things out that combines all of the methods of knowing in order to achieve a more valid and reliable answer to questions |
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Term
| Key Elements of the Scientific Method: Objectivity |
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Definition
| don't want my opinions, biases or beliefs to affect my results, or to have expectations about how the study will turn out |
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Term
| Key Elements of the Scientific Method: Empirical |
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Definition
| involves objective, systematic, planned observations |
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Term
| Key Elements of the Scientific Method: Public |
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Definition
| We are able to confirm the observations of others. Anyone else should be able to copy the study and confirm the original findings |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of beliefs or practices that claim to be scientific but are not |
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Term
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Definition
| Find a research Idea....select a topic area and find an unanswered question |
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Term
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Definition
form a hypothesis and a prediction.
A testable hypothesis must state how the variables will be measure and how they will be related. |
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Term
| A Hypothesis must be capable of being _____ or ____. If the results of the study cannot be ______ it isn't valid. |
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Definition
| confirmed or refuted, falsified |
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Term
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Definition
| Determine how you will define and measure your variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Identify and select the participants or subjects for the study |
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Term
| participants are _____ and subjects are ___-______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Select a research strategy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| evaluate (or analyze) the data |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Research Process: Step 10 |
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Definition
| refine or reformulate your research idea |
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Term
| Types of Reasoning: Induction/Inductive reasoning |
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Definition
using relatively small set of observations. Involves going from specific to general. This type of reasoning is used when conducting theories.
ex: considering multiple studies and then coming up with a theoretical principle to explain those results |
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Term
| Types of Reasoning: Deduction/Deductive Reasoning |
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Definition
going from the general to specific. used when forming a hypothesis.
- might change the original theory or lead to new ideas for new studies |
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Term
| Measuring/Defining Variables: Reliability Measurement |
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Definition
| the consistency or stability of the instrument being used to measure behaviour. A reliable test yields nearly the same results every time the same individual completes the test under the same conditions |
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Term
| What is the measured score equation |
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Definition
| Measured score = True score+ error score |
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Term
| Measured score (def and ex) |
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Definition
| what you actually observe and record. Ex: number of words that you correctly recall on a memory test |
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Term
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Definition
a perfect reflection of the true value and variable being measured, given no other internal or external influences
ex: only have one true IQ score |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the reasons why your true score and measure score differ from each other |
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Term
| 3 potential sources of error when measuring variables |
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Definition
1. Observer error
2. Environmental changes
3. Participant changes |
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Term
| Observer error (def and ex) |
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Definition
aka human error, errors introduced into the measuring process by the person making the measurements.
ex: starting the stopwatch too soon or stopping too quickly |
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Term
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Definition
the goal is to do the measurements under the same conditions but that isn't always possible
ex: time of day, temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| the participants' health, lack of sleep, sickness etc. any changes in the participants |
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Term
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Definition
| giving the same test to the same person on two different occasions |
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Term
| Parallel forms reliability |
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Definition
| giving the same person two different versions of the same test |
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Term
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Definition
| dividing or splitting the test in half (into two parts). if it is reliable then we can split the test in two |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of consistency from one rater to another |
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Term
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Definition
| whether the test measures what is is supposed to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| looking at a test to determine if it seems to measure what it is supposed to measure |
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Term
| Predictive validity (def and ex) |
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Definition
| the extent to which the scores on a test predict some future behaviour (ex: SAT tests are supposed to predict how well a high school senior will do in college or university) |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which scores on one test are related to scores on another previously validated (well-estabilshed) test |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which scores on a test are similar to other measures of the same variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which scores on a test are dissimilar to measures of a different variable |
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Term
| A test (can/cannot) be reliable without being valid. |
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Definition
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Term
| A test (can/cannot) be valid without being reliable. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a set of rules for assigning scores or numbers tht depends largely on the nature of what you are studying and how you are studying it |
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Term
| Nominal scale (def and ex) |
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Definition
| classification of data into one of two or more categories (ex: hair colour, political affiliation, gender). Count the number of students in the class who have blonde hair for ex |
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Term
| Ordinal scale (def and ex) |
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Definition
classification of data into an order or rank of magnitude (ex: drink sizes... small, medium large) or order of position.
* note: the intervals between the values are not necessarily the same or equal |
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Term
| Interval scale (def and ex) |
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Definition
| the most common scale, the classification of data on a scale that assumes equal distance between the numbers (ex: temperature). Interval scales do not have a true zero value. The zero point on an interval scale is arbitrary. |
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Term
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Definition
| like interval scales but they do have a true zero value, classification of data on a scale that assumes equal distance and has a true zero value (ex: weight) |
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Term
What type of scale is this?
Classifying students as blue-eyed, brown-eyed or green-eyed |
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Definition
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Term
What type of scale is this?
Recording heights of kindergarten students |
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Definition
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Term
What type of scale is this?
Identifying people by religion |
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Definition
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Term
What type of scale is this?
Scores on an intelligence test |
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Definition
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Term
What type of scale is this?
measuring the time it takes to run a 100 yard dash |
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Definition
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Term
What type of scale is this?
Grade level in yars |
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Definition
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Term
What type of scale is this?
Intramural athletics choice |
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Definition
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Term
What type of scale is this?
Number of children in family |
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Definition
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Term
What type of scale is this?
Income |
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Definition
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Term
| Modalities of measurement (3) |
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Definition
1- Self-report measures
2- Physiological measures
3- Behavioural measures |
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Term
| Self-report measures (ex and cons) |
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Definition
ex: questionnaires, surveys, interviews
can be unreliable because sometimes people are dishonest
You are asking participants to share their feelings, attitudes and beliefs directly
Social desirability bias |
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Term
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Definition
| people have a tendency to response to questions so they look good to researchers, we want ourselves to be seen in a good light |
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Term
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Definition
ex: EEG, EMG, GSR
EMG is a common measure of stress...our muscles tighten when we are stressed
EEG - provides measure of electrical activity in your brain
MRI - allows you to compare the brain structure of someone with a condition or something without
Con: do these measures truly provide a valid measure of the construct? could be having different bodily reactions because they are scared, excited or nervous |
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Term
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Definition
| the direct observation and recording of behaviour. A matter of watching and recording whatever the behaviour is as it occurs wherever that may be |
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Term
| Sensitivity of the measure |
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Definition
| ability to detect differences among a group of participants. ex: asking someone if they like another person...most people won't say they dislike someone |
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Term
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Definition
| the scores pile up at the top of the distribution because the task was too easy |
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Term
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Definition
| the scores pile up at the bottom of the distribution because the task was too difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| refer to the tendency of people to alter their behaviour when they know they are being watched |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to various hints and clues in the research situation that participants used to decide how they think they should behave |
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Term
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Definition
| participants behave in the way they think the researcher wants them to behave, rather than how they would normally behave |
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Term
| Negativistic subject role |
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Definition
| aka the screw you effect, just screw up the study |
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Term
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Definition
| the expectations or personal beliefs of the person performing the research influences the results of the study |
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Term
| How can you solve experimenter bias? (3) |
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Definition
- ensure that the researcher is well trained and well practiced
- Single-blind study
- Double-blind study |
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Term
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Definition
| the participant is unaware of which group (ex: drug or placebo) he or she is participating within, only the researcher knows |
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Term
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Definition
| neither the participant nor the researcher knows which group the participant has been placed into |
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Term
| In the USA ethics are reviewed by ____ ____ ____ and in Canada ____ _____ _____ |
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Definition
| institutional review boards, and research ethics boards |
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Term
| Briefly explain the tuskagee syphilis study |
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Definition
(1932-1972) –
Researchers told the men they would be receiving treatment for their syphilis. None of them were treated because the goal of the study was to see the effects of syphilis left untreated. Even though we had a cure, the treatment was still deliberately withheld from these people. 74 of the 399 men survived, 40 of the mens wives were infected and 19 of their children were infected through genital syphilis…. The government offered an apology in 1997 but only 8 people were still living. |
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Term
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Definition
| came out in 1947 after the 2nd world war due to how people were treated in concentration camps and such... in order to protect the well-being of humans from unethical research |
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Term
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Definition
| a participant's consent or agreement to take part in a research study after he/she has been given all the information necessary by the researcher to make that decision (duration, it's voluntary, general summary) |
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Term
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Definition
| intentionally misleading participants about the true purpose of the research study |
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Term
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Definition
| intentionally withholding (or keeping back) information from participants |
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Term
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Definition
| intentionally misleads (or presents) to the participants, or presents misinformation |
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Term
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Definition
| informing participants of the true purpose of the research study, particularly when deception is used |
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Term
| Tri-council policy statement (2010) |
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Definition
| the official human ethics policy of Canada’s three main granting agencies. Studies involving human participants are reviewed under these guidelines. Combines policy of Canada’s three major granting agencies that give professors grants for projects and programs. |
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Term
| Basic principles of ethical research: (4) |
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Definition
- Participants must be protected from harm (physical and psychological)
- participants’ privacy must be protected
- participants’ consent should be obtained
- participants should be debriefed following the study |
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Term
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Definition
| a borad range of techniques and procedures for gathering, organizing, analyzing, and displaying data |
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Term
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Definition
| something that can be expressed in numbers |
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Term
| Two main types of statistics |
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Definition
| descriptive and inferential statistics |
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Term
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Definition
| used to describe sets of numbers and their general characteristics (e.g. mean, standard deviation) - we are concerned with this type of statistics in RDA I |
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Term
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Definition
| used to make inferences about a population from a sample used (e.g. t-test, ANOVA) |
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Term
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Definition
| a numerical value computed from a sample of scores |
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Term
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Definition
| a numerical value computed from a population of scores |
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Term
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Definition
a variable with numerical values that represent different categories, for which doing math does not make sense
aka categorical variables (1=blue eyes, 2=brown eyes, 3=green eyes) |
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Term
| You can do math on ______ or ______ variables. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a variable with numerical values that represent an amount (or quantity) of the variable, for which doing math makes sense (e.g., scores on a spelling test) |
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Term
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Definition
Can only take on certain values (no decimals allowed). They can be negative as long as they are whole....no fractions, or decimals places
ex: number of people at a party |
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Term
| Discrete variables an be ____, _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| nominal, ordinal or qualitative |
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Term
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Definition
can take on an infinitely large number of possible values (decimals permitted)
ex: weights and heights |
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Term
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Definition
| a table that summarizes the data by indicating the values and the variable can tag on along with the frequency with which each value occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| a figure used to present data for a discrete variable...space is left in between the bars to show that the values are discrete |
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Term
| In a bar graph, do ordinal variables such as (S, M, L) appear on the x or y axis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a figure used to present data for a continuous variable. No space is left between the bars. |
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Term
| a histogram deals with _____ or ____ data |
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Definition
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Term
| in a histogram frequency is plotted on the ___ axis and scores are plotted on the __ axis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a figure formed by joining the points centred above each score and at a height corresponding to the frequency of that score |
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Term
| Measures of central tendency (3) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mathematical average
X=Ex/N sample mean
Mu= Ex/N population mean
Ex- sum of all data values
N- number of data items in population
N- number of data items in the sample
Mu
Parameters are usually simplified by lower case Greek letters. |
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Term
| This is the easiest measure, it is defined by a mathematical formula. A disadvantage is susceptible to outliers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a numerical value that is distinctly different from the rest of the data (e.g. extreme high or low value) |
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Term
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Definition
| the midpoint in a set of scores whn the scores are arranged in order from lowest to highest (or highest to lowest) |
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Term
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Definition
| the most frequently occurring score (if there is one) in the distribution.... |
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Term
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Definition
| a distribution of scores with two modes |
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Term
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Definition
| a distribution with more than two modes |
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Term
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Definition
| ex: test scores on a midterm...if it was too hard most people will have low scores creating a hump at the beginning |
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Term
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Definition
| hump at the end...most people are getting high scores |
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