Term
| Example of short term regulation of MAP |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 examples of long term regulation of MAP |
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Definition
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
ADH
ANP
Kidney (sodium/water-volume control) |
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Term
| where the baroreceptors are located |
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Definition
| the carotid sinus and the aortic arch |
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Term
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Definition
| in the justoaglomerular cells of the kidney |
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Term
these 3 can have what effect on renin production:
1. increased renal sympathetic tone
2, decreases renal perfusion pressure
3. decreased NaCl in the distal tubule |
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Definition
| cause an increase in renin secreation |
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Term
| Where is aldosterone produced? |
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Definition
| in the adreanl cortex glumerulosa cells |
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Term
| causes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
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Definition
| ACE found in the lungs and kidneys |
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Term
| causses the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin I |
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Definition
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Term
| the funmction of aldosterone |
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Definition
| increases Na reabsorption |
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Term
| a potent vasoconstrictor that stimulates aldosterone secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| changes that are measured by peripheral chemoreceptors |
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Definition
decreases in arterial O2
increases in CO2
decreases in pH |
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Term
| increased sympathetic outflow causes |
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Definition
| arteriolar vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles, renal and splanchnic vascular bed |
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Term
| increased parasympathetic outflow causes |
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Definition
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Term
| increased ventilation causes |
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Definition
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Term
| where are the central chemorecptors located |
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Definition
| in the medulla of the brain |
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Term
| central receptors respond to |
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Definition
changes in arterial CO2 and pH (brain ischemia)
They are less sensitive to O2 |
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Term
| the effects of central chemoreceptor responses |
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Definition
| increased sympathetic outflow which leads to arterial vasoconstriction to redirect blood flow to the brain this increases peripheral resistance and increases arterial pressure |
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Term
| these reflexes minize changes in arterial pressure as a consequence of changes oin blood volume |
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Definition
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Term
| a compuond that senses increases serum osmolarity and decreases in blood pressure and casues vascular smooth muscle constriction and increases water reabsortpion |
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Definition
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Term
| the type of ADH/vasopressin receptors that cause smooth muscle constriction |
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Definition
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Term
| the type of ADH/ vasopressin receptors in the renal collecting ducts that lead to water reabsortpion |
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Definition
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Term
| this substance is released due to increases in ECF volume and atrial pressure and causes vasodilation by decreasing TPR and also leads ro increased Na and water excretion from the kidneys |
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Definition
| ANP atrial natriuretic peptide |
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Term
What causes these physiologic effects: decreased ADH and renin and increased ANP all to increase urine output
leads to a lower blood pressure and a higher HR |
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Definition
| these will be activated when there is an increase stretch in the low pressure receptors |
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Term
| THese responses occur because: the goal is to retain urine output, this is done by decreasing ANP secretion, increasing ADH secretion,increasing renin secretion which leads to inreased aldosterone and increase Na retention vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure |
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Definition
| decreased stretch of low pressure receptors |
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Term
| causes the rate of acute local control of blood flow |
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Definition
| the rate of metabolism in local tissues and changes in oxygen availablity |
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Term
| chronic local control of blood flow can lead to |
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Definition
| physical changes in the sizes and numbers of blood vessels supplying the tissues |
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Term
| the 2 special phenomean that occur during acute local control |
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Definition
| reactive hyperemia and autoregulation |
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Term
| global and central control of blood flow is controlled by |
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Definition
| the autonomic nervous system and other neural reflexes |
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Term
| the local increase of blood flow to a tissue when this tissue becomes active |
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Definition
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Term
this is the mechanism behind what physiologic concept:
active tissue--> increases in local metabolism--> use up more nutrients and the release of more vasodilators-->increased blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of vasodilator substances |
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Definition
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Term
| transient increase in blood flow after a brief period of arterial occlusion (ischemia) |
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Definition
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Term
This is the mechaism behind what process:
temporary blood occlusion leads to oxygen defiency and increas vasodilators in local tissue leads to vasodialtion and increased blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
| the intrinisic ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| the two ways tissues can acheive autoregulation |
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Definition
| metabolic theory and myogenic theory |
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Term
| increased stretch in vascular smooth muscle caused by high blood pressure which leads to increased intercellular calcuim and increased contraction of smooth muscle in small vessels, leads to increased resistance, so flow stays the same |
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Definition
| myogenic theory of autoregulation |
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Term
| the 2 metabolic theories of wutoregulation |
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Definition
| vasodilator theory and O2 lack theory |
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Term
| increase tissue metabolites cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscles leads to increase blood flow |
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Definition
| vasodilator theory of metobolic autoregulation |
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Term
precapillary sphincters and metarterioles open and
close cyclically several times/min (vasomotion) based on availability
of O2 and others nutrients
decreased O2, decreased nutrients leads to relaxation and increase blood flow |
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Definition
| O2 lack theory of metabolic autoregulation |
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Term
| the 4 pathways that are the main mechanisms of regulating blood flow during autoregulation |
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Definition
1. cerebral circulation
2. coronary circualtion
3. renal circulation
4. circulation of skeletal muscle during exercise |
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Term
| Examples of vasocistricting agents |
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Definition
| NE, epinephrine,endothelin, angiotensin II, serotonin, and vasopressin |
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Term
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Definition
| NO, bradykinin, histamine, K (inhibit smooth muscle contraction), Mg, H, CO2 |
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Term
| the AA that is used to produce NO |
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Definition
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Term
| what causes the formation of new blood vessels to keep up with metabolic demand during long tern regulation of blood flow |
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Definition
| vascualar endotheial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor, angiogenin |
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Term
| during global autonomic control stimulation of a1 adrenergic receptors in the arteries, arterioles, and veins casue |
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Definition
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Term
| during global autonomic control stimulation of b2 adrenergic receptors in the arteries, arterioles, and veins casue |
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Definition
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Term
| mucarinic cholinergic receptors on endotheial cells lead to |
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Definition
| vasodialtion of adjacent smooth muscles mediated by NO |
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Term
| how is blood volume controlled during global control |
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Definition
| aldosterone, ANP, erythropoietin |
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Term
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Definition
| arterial baroreceptor reflex, volume reflexes, chemoreceptor reflex, central ischemic response and Cushing's reflex |
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Term
| the organs in the body with minimal sympathetic control and local potent control |
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Definition
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Term
| an area where blood is shunted during vasoconstriction in exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| what determines the blood flow to skeletal muscles and how is it controlled |
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Definition
blood flow is depend on the metabolic demands of the cells.
Controlled by the sympathetic autonomic nervous system
local control: increase local metabolites |
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Term
| the miliking action on veins with rhythmic contractions that is important with isometric contraction |
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Definition
| extravascular compression of right ventricle |
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Term
| with gastrointestinal (splanchnic) circulation how is it controlled |
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Definition
| by the sympathetic nervous system alpha 1, no cholinergic, local- intrinic basal tone in the intestine and hormones are very important |
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Term
| for the splanchnic circulation extravascular compression is important in exercise because it |
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Definition
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Term
| how is coronoary circulation controlled? |
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Definition
neural- only for fine tuning
local- metabolic (dominant factor), intrinsic basal tone |
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Term
| when does the heart get blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
| the type of flood flow during systole and diastole in the left and right coronary artery |
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Definition
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Term
| describe cerebral circulation |
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Definition
| overall metabolic activity does not change much and the blood flow is relatively constant |
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Term
| a powerful vasoconstrictor in the brain that protects against sudden increases in arterial pressure |
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Definition
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Term
powerful vasoconstrictor (vasospasm with subarachnoid
hemorrhage |
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Definition
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Term
| what is Cushing refelsx and what are the effects? |
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Definition
Maintain cerebral blood flow via cerebral chemoreceptors
Causes: increase intracranial pressure (e.g. brain tumors)
compression of cerebral arteries decrease blood perfusion
increase PCO2 and decrease pH
Effects: increase sympathetic outflow to blood vessels
vasoconstriction (redirect blood to the brain) and increase in arterial
pressure |
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