Term
|
Definition
-testes in males
-ovaries in females
-all gonads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produce sex cells called gametes
-secrete sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| Three accessory Reproductive Organs |
|
Definition
-ducts
-glands
-external genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 functions of sex hormones |
|
Definition
1) development & function of reproductive organs
2) sexual behavior & drives
3) growth and development of many other organs & tissues |
|
|
Term
| Where are the male gonads and what do they do? |
|
Definition
- in the scrotum
- produce sperm |
|
|
Term
| What is the system of ducts used to deliver sperm? |
|
Definition
| -epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland
-bulbourethral gland |
|
|
Term
| What do accessory sex glands do? |
|
Definition
| -empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis |
|
|
Term
| What separates the paired testicles of the scrotum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the scrotum externally positioned? |
|
Definition
-To keep the testes about 3 degrees celcius lower than core body production
-this allows for sperm production |
|
|
Term
| What two sets of muscles keeps intrascrotal temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -smooth muscle in scrotum that wrinkles scrotal skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Tunica Vaginalis -- derived from peritoneum
2) Tunica albuginea -- fibrous capsule of the testes |
|
|
Term
| Septa divide the testes into how many lobules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each lobule contains 1 - 4 of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produce sperm
-converge to form tubulus rectus
-1-4 per lobule |
|
|
Term
| What does the straight tubulus do? |
|
Definition
| Conveys sperm to the rete testis |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the sperm after the rete testis? |
|
Definition
-leave testis via efferent ductules
-enter epididymis |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells surround the Seminiferous Tubules, and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| interstitial cells, that produce androgen |
|
|
Term
| Testicular arteries branch from... |
|
Definition
| the abdominal aorta & supply the testes |
|
|
Term
| From where do testicular veins arise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -encloses PNS & SNS nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into female reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -attached root and free shaft that ends in the glans of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle riddled with vascular spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -erectile tissue fills with blood causing penis to enlarge & get rigid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -foreskin, cuff of skin covering distal end of penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -surgical removal of prepuce(foreskin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -surrounds urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -paired dorsal erectile bodies bound by fibrous tunica albuginea |
|
|
Term
| What binds the corpora cavernosae? |
|
Definition
| -fibrous tunica albuginea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-proximal end of penis surrounded by ischiocavernous muscle
-anchors penis to pubic arch |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Epididymus |
|
Definition
| -joins the efferent ductules and capes the superior aspect of the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-absorb testicular fluid
-pass nutrients to sperm |
|
|
Term
| What happens when nonmotile sperm pass through epididymis? |
|
Definition
| -they pass through its tubes and become motile |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the epididymis during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
| - it contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferens |
|
|
Term
| Location of Ductus Deferens |
|
Definition
| -runs from epididymis through inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Terminus of the ductus deferens... |
|
Definition
| expands to form the ampulla and joins the duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
| Function of ductus deferens & ejaculatory duct |
|
Definition
| -propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -cuts ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Prostatic -- portion surrounded by prostate
2) Membranous -- lies in urogenital diaphragm
3) Spongy -- runs through penis & opens to outside @ external urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
| Where are the seminal vesicles? |
|
Definition
| -posterior wall of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the volume of semen are secreted by the seminal vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viscous alkaline fluid containing fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme & prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| What joins the ductus deferens and the ejaculatory duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to sperm & seminal fluid in the ejaculatory duct? |
|
Definition
| they MIX and then enter prostatic uretha during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What is prostate gland fluid like? |
|
Definition
| -milky, slightly acidic, contains citrate, enzymes and Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)...accounts for 1/3 of semen volume |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of prostate gland fluid? |
|
Definition
| -plays role in activation of sperm, entering prostatic urethra during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka Cowper's Glands
-pea-sized glands inferior to prostate |
|
|
Term
| What do bulbourethral glands produce? |
|
Definition
| thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Bulbourethral gland secretions |
|
Definition
-provides transport for medium & nutrients (fructose)
-protects & activates sperm
-facilitates their movement |
|
|
Term
| What do prostaglandins in semen do? |
|
Definition
-decrease viscosity of mucus in the cervix
-stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus
-facilitate movement of sperm through reproductive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -hormone that enhances sperm motility |
|
|
Term
| What does the relative alkalinity of semen do? |
|
Definition
| -neutralizes acid environment found in male urethra and female vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -antibiotic chemical that destroys certain bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -liquifies sticky mass of semen that were clotted by clotting factors after ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| How many sperm are ejaculated at once? |
|
Definition
-2-5 ml of semen
-50-130 million sperm/mL
-equals 100 - 650 million sperm per ejaculate |
|
|
Term
| sexual stimuli iniating erection? |
|
Definition
-touch & mechanical stimulation of penis
-erotics sights, sounds & smells |
|
|
Term
| Can erection be induced or inhibited by emotion or higher mental activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to attain erection |
|
|
Term
| What parasympathetic reflex happens during sexual arousal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does nitric oxide do to erectile tissue? |
|
Definition
| causes them to fill with blood |
|
|
Term
| Role of corpora cavernosa expansion in erection? |
|
Definition
| -compresses drainage veins and retards blood outflow, maintaining erection |
|
|
Term
| Role of corpus spongiosum in ejaculation? |
|
Definition
| -keeps urethra open during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| What four things do sympathetic nerves serving the genital organs do during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
1) contract reproductive ducts & accessory organs, emptying contents
2)constricts bladder sphincter, preventing expulsion of urine
3)Rapid contractions of bulbospongiousus muscles
4)Propel semen from urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Sequence of events that produces sperm in seminiferous tubules of testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -seminiferous tubules of testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -each cell has two sets of chromosomes, one maternal & one paternal |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of homologous hormones do humans have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one 23 chromosomes (not paired), gametes are haploid |
|
|
Term
| Process of gamete formation |
|
Definition
| -meiosis in which number of chromosomes is halved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stage of meiosis in which two nuclear divisions halve the number of chromosomes
-chromosomes replicate prior to meiosis 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-phase of Meiosis in which homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis
-Tetrads formed with homologous partners
-crossing over takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -phase of meiosis in which tetrads line up at the spindle equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -phase of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes composed of joined sister chormatids are distributed to opposite ends of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nuclear membrane forms around chromosomal masses
-spindle breaks down
-chromatin reappears
-Haploid daughters formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -mirrors mitosis except that chromosomes are not replicated before it begins |
|
|
Term
| What does Meiosis II accomplish? |
|
Definition
| Reduces chromosome number by half and introduces genetic variability |
|
|
Term
| What is going on with cells making up walls of seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
| -they are in various stages of cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis forms what from spermatocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spermiogenisis is when spermatids form what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the spermatogonia? |
|
Definition
| They are the outermost cells in contact with epithelial basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| When does spermatogenisis begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does each mitotic division of spermatogonia result in? |
|
Definition
| Type A or B daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -remain at the basement membrane and maintain the germ line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -move toward the lumen and becomes primary spermatocytes |
|
|
Term
| What happens to primary spermatocytes when they undergo meiosis 1? |
|
Definition
| -they form two haploid cells called secondary speratocytes |
|
|
Term
| What happens to spermatocytes when they undergo meiosis II? |
|
Definition
| --Daughter cells called spermatids are formed |
|
|
Term
| What do spermatids look like, and where are they found? |
|
Definition
| -small round cells, seen close to lumen of the tubule |
|
|
Term
| What are spermatids like in late spermatogenisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to spermatids to become sperm? |
|
Definition
-Spermiogenesis
-they lose all excess cytoplasm and form a tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -contains DNA and has helmetlike acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate and enter the egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -contains mitochondria spiraled around the tail filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -typical flagellum produced by a centriole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka Sertoli cells
-extend from basal lamina to lumen of tubule that surrounds developing cells |
|
|
Term
| Two compartments of sustentacular cells |
|
Definition
-Basal Compartment contains spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
-Adluminal compartment contains meiotically active cells and the seminiferous tubule lumen |
|
|
Term
| What do Sustentacular cells do? |
|
Definition
| -have tight junction forming blood-testis barrier preventing sperm antigens from escaping through basal lamina into blood |
|
|
Term
| What influences spermatogonia to begin spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
| -bloodbourne chemical messengers |
|
|
Term
| What happens to spermatocytes and spermatids in the adluminal compartment of sustentacular cells? |
|
Definition
-nutrients delivered
-moved along to lumen
-gets testicular fluid providing transport medium
-excess cytoplasm is sloughed off
-exposed to chemical mediators regulating spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Hormonal Regulation of spermatogenisis and testicular androgen production involving hypothalamus, anterior pit, and testes |
|
|
Term
| Three sets of hormones involved in testicular regulation |
|
Definition
-GnRH
-Gonadotropins
-Testicular Hormones |
|
|
Term
| What releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does GnRH stimulate the anterior pituitary to release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicular Stimulating Hormone |
|
Definition
| -causes sustentacular cells to release androgen-bidning protein (ABP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) |
|
Definition
| -binding of testosterone enhances spermatogenisis |
|
|
Term
| What do rising levels of testosterone produce? |
|
Definition
| -Inhibin, feedback inhibition on hypothalamus & pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What must testosterone be converted to before it can effect Prostate target cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is testosterone converted into to bring about neuronal stimulatory effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is a testosterone deficiency? |
|
Definition
| All accessory organs atrophy |
|
|
Term
| result of male hormone appearance during puberty: |
|
Definition
-appearance of body hair
-growth of chest & deepening of voice
-oily skin
-bones grow & increase density
-skeletal muscles increase in size |
|
|
Term
| Basis of libido in both males & females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Female Sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone) are secreted by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three accessory ducts to ovaries |
|
Definition
1) uterine tubes
2) uterus
3) vagina |
|
|
Term
| Internal genitalia - females |
|
Definition
| -ovaries & internal ducts |
|
|
Term
| External genitalia - females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -anchors ovary medially to the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -suspends ovary in between uterus & pelvic wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -contains suspensory ligament & mesovarium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -ovarian arteries & ovarian branch of uterine artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -layer of epithelial cells covering fibrous tunica albuginea of ovarian arteries |
|
|
Term
| Ovarian follicles each contain |
|
Definition
| -an immature egg called an oocyte |
|
|
Term
| Cells around oocyte are called: |
|
Definition
-follicle cells (1 layer)
-granulosa cells (when more than 1 layer is present) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one layer of squamous like follicle cells surrounds the oocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -has two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -has fluid-filled space between granulosa cells that coalesces to form central antrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary follicle at its most mature stage, bulges from surface of ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruptured follicle after ovulation |
|
|
Term
| Fallopian tubes & oviducts... |
|
Definition
| receive ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Where do uterine tubes empty into? |
|
Definition
| superolateral region of uterus via the isthmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the distal expansion of uterine tubes around the ovary (hands holding ovaries) |
|
|
Term
| What do the ampullas end in? |
|
Definition
| ciliated infundibulum, containing fingerlike fimbriae |
|
|
Term
| What carries the oocyte from peritoneal cavity of ampulla to uterine tube? |
|
Definition
| -beating cilia on fimbriae creating currents |
|
|
Term
| How is oocyte carried toward uterus? |
|
Definition
| -by peristalsis & ciliary action |
|
|
Term
| What do nonciliated cells in the uterine tubes do? |
|
Definition
| keep oocyte and sperm nourished & moist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -visceral peritoneum that supports the uterine tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -pelvis, anterior to rectum and posterosuperior to rectum & bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major portion, hollow part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rounded region superior to entrace of uterine tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -narrowed region between body & cervix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cavity of the cervix that communicates with vagina via external os, and with the uterine body via internal os |
|
|
Term
| What do cervical glands do? |
|
Definition
| secrete mucus that covers external os & blocks sperm entry, except during midcycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally |
|
|
Term
| Lateral cervical ligaments |
|
Definition
| -extend from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -paired ligaments that secure the uterus to the sacrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind anterior wall of uterus to labia major |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind anterior wall of uterus to labia major |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cul-de-sac of peritoneum that lies between bladder & uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -peritoneum that lies between rectum & uterus |
|
|
Term
| three layers of uterine wall |
|
Definition
1)perimetrium
2)myometrium
3)endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost serous layer of uterus, the visceral peritoneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -middle layer of uterus, made of interlacing layers of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -mucosal lining of uterine cavity |
|
|
Term
| What happens to uterine glands when endometrial thickness changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-part of endometrium that undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones
-shed during menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
portion of endometrium that forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends
--does not respond to ovarian hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -arise from internal iliacs and ascend sides of uterus, and send branches into uterine wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -branches of the uterine arteries in the myometrium that give rise to radial branches |
|
|
Term
| Radial branches are vasculature that: |
|
Definition
descnds into endometrium and gives off
-spiral arteries to stratum functionalis
-straight arteries to stratum basalis |
|
|
Term
| What causes the functionalis to shed during menstruation? |
|
Definition
| -degeneration and regeneration of spiral arteries |
|
|
Term
| What are the veins of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
| -thin-walled w/ occasional sinusoidal enlargments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin-walled tube lying between bladder & rectun, extending from cervic to exterior of the body |
|
|
Term
| where in the vagina is the urethra? |
|
Definition
| -embedded in the anterior wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-passageway for birth & menstrual flow
-organ of copulation |
|
|
Term
| three coats of vaginal wall: |
|
Definition
1) fibroelastic adventitia
2) smooth muscle muscularis
3) stratified squamous mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incomplete partition near the vaginal orifice formed by mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -upper end of vagina surrounding the cervix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-aka pudendum
-lies external to vagina & includes mons pubis, labia, clitoris & vestibular structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -round, fatty area overlying pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -elongated, hair-covered, fatty skin folds homologous to male scrotum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -hair-free skin folds lying withing labia majora; homologous to ventral penis |
|
|
Term
| Greater Vestibular Glands |
|
Definition
-pea-sized glands flanking vagina
-homologous to bulbourethral glands
-keep vestibule moist & lubricated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-erectile tissue, hooded by prepuce
-glans is the exposed portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-diamond-shaped region between pubic arch & coccyx
-bordered by ischial tuberosities laterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobs that radiate around, and open at, the nipple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -pigmented skin surrounding the nipple |
|
|
Term
| Where do suspensory ligaments attach the breast to? |
|
Definition
| -underlying muscle fascia |
|
|
Term
| What do the lobes of the mammary glands contain? |
|
Definition
| -glandular alveoli that produce milk in lactating women |
|
|
Term
| What do compound alveolar glands do? |
|
Definition
| Pass milk to lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells does breast cancer usually arise from? |
|
Definition
| epithelial cells of the ducts |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors of breast cancer |
|
Definition
-early menses or late menopause
-no pregnancies
-previous history of breast cancer
-hereditary factors like mutations to BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes
-70% of women have no risk factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by self-exam or mammography |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of breast cancer |
|
Definition
| -radiation, chemo, surgery (mastectomy or lumpectomy) depending upon the lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of female sex cells by meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2n ovarian stem cells that multiply by mitosis and store nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Which follicles appear as oogonia and are transformed into primary oocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to primary oocytes mid-meiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two haploid cells are produced by primary oocytes @ puberty? |
|
Definition
-first polar body
-secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
| At what stage of meiosis is the secondary oocyte stalled when its ovulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the secondary oocyte if its penetrated by sperm? |
|
Definition
-it completes meiosis II
-yields one large ovum
-and a tiny second polar body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| days 1-14 of ovarian cycle, period of follicle growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-14-28 of ovarian phase
-period of corpus luteum activity |
|
|
Term
| When in the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to primordial follicle in follicular phase? |
|
Definition
| Becomes primary follicle as directed by the oocyte |
|
|
Term
| What do the theca folliculi & granulosa cells do when primary follicle becomes secondary follicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are formed when primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle? |
|
Definition
-a zona pellucida forms around oocyte
-antrum is formed |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the secondary follicle becomes a vesicular follicle? |
|
Definition
-antrum expands & isolates oocyte and corona radiata
-full size follicle bulges from ovary
-primary oocytes completes meiosis I and is ready for ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -twinge of pain felt when ovary wall ruptures & expels the secondary oocyte (ovulation) |
|
|
Term
| What percent of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte? |
|
Definition
| 1-2%, which if fertilized, becomes fraternal twins |
|
|
Term
| What forms the corpus luteum after ovulation? |
|
Definition
| -enlarged granulosa cells along with internal thecal cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the corpus luteum secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur? |
|
Definition
| -it degenerates in 10 days, leaving a scar called corpus albicans |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does occur? |
|
Definition
| -it produces hormones until the placenta takes over that role (3 months) |
|
|
Term
| What do the ovaries do during childhood? |
|
Definition
| -grow & secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit hypothalamic release of GnRh |
|
|
Term
| What happens hormonally as puberty nears? |
|
Definition
-GnRH is released
-FSH & LH are released by pituitary & act on the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| What do FSH and LH do during the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
| -stimulate follicle growth & maturation, and low-level estrogen release |
|
|
Term
| What do very high estrogen levels do? |
|
Definition
| -have positive feedback effect on pituitary, causing sudden surge of LH |
|
|
Term
| What does the spike in LH do to the primary oocyte? |
|
Definition
| -stimulates it to complete meiosis I, and the secondary oocyte continues onto metaphase II |
|
|
Term
| What does LH trigger on day 14 of ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone transforms the ruptured follicle into corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the corpus luteum produces inhibin, progesterone & estrogen, what happens? |
|
Definition
| -FSH & LH release are shut off, and declining LH ends luteal activity |
|
|
Term
| Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle |
|
Definition
| -series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month in response to ovarian hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Days 1-5 of Uterine cycle, when uterus sheds all but deepest part of endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Days 6-14 of uterine cycle, when the endometrium rebuilds itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Days 15-28 of uterine cycle, (postovulatory), when endometrium prepares for implantation of the embryo. |
|
|
Term
| What happens hormonally if fertilization does not occur? |
|
Definition
| -progesterone levels fall, depriving endometrium of hormonal support |
|
|
Term
| When the endometrium is not being supported by progesterone, what happens to spiral arteries? |
|
Definition
| -they kink, go into spasm & endometrial cells begin to die |
|
|
Term
| What event causes a rush of blood fragments, weakened capillary beds & functional layer to slough away? |
|
Definition
| -spiral arteries constricting one final time, them suddenly relaxing & opening wide |
|
|
Term
| what happens to estrogen levels during puberty? |
|
Definition
| -they rise & promote oogenesis & follicle growth in the ovary |
|
|
Term
| What anabolic effects do estrogens exert on female reproductive tract during puberty? |
|
Definition
-uterine tubes, uterus & vagina grow larger & functional
-uterine tubes & uterus exhibit enhanced motility
-vaginal mucosa thickens & external genitalia mature |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen-Induced Secondary Sex characteristics |
|
Definition
-growth of breasts
-increased deposition of subcutaneous fat in hips & breasts
-widening & lightening of pelvis
-growth of axillary & pubic hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -clit, vaginal mucosa & breasts engorge w/ blood |
|
|
Term
| What lubricates the vestibule & facilitates entry of the penis? |
|
Definition
| -activity of the vestibular glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -accompanied by muscle tension, increase in pulse & b.p. & rhythmical contractions of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -bacterial infection spread by contact w/ genital, anal & pharyngeal mucosal surfaces |
|
|
Term
| signs & symptoms of gonorrhea |
|
Definition
-in males--painful urination & discharges
-in females--none or abdominal discomfort, discharge & uterine bleeding
-can result in pelvic inflammatory disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-STD, bacterial infection
-infected fetuses are stillborn, or die shortly after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -shows signs of pink skin rash, fever & joint pain, followed by latent period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-follows latent period of secondary syphilis
-gummas (lesions of CNS, blood vessels, bones & skin)
-treat w/ penicillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most common STD in US
-responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease
-urethritis, discharge, abdominal pain, painful sex, irregular period
-can cause arthritis & UTI in men, sterility in women
-treat w/ tetracycline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -caused by HPV, increase chance of penile, vaginal, anal & cervical cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-caused by Epstein-Barr virus Type II
-characterized by latent periods & flare ups
-can cause fetal malformations
treated w/ acyclovir |
|
|
Term
| What is the single gene on the Y chromosome that initiates testes development & determines maleness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5th week of fetal development: |
|
Definition
-gonadal ridges form
-paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts form in females
-Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts develop in males |
|
|
Term
| Shortly after 5th week fetal development: |
|
Definition
| -primordial germ cells develop & seed the developing gonads, destined to become spermatogonia or oogonia |
|
|
Term
| At what week do male & female structures develop (fetal week) |
|
Definition
-7th week males
-8th week females |
|
|
Term
| Gonads & external genitalia... |
|
Definition
| ...arise from the same structures in both sexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -structure that enlarges to form the penis |
|
|
Term
| Female external genitalia develop in the absence of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, what does the genital tubercle become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do testes leave the pelvic cavity & enter the scrotum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -fibrous cord that extends from the testes to the scrotum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -blood vessels, nerves, and fascial layers that help suspend the testes |
|
|
Term
| Ovaries also descend, but are stopped by what? |
|
Definition
| -the broad ligament & pelvic brim |
|
|
Term
| What happens to reproductive organs at puberty? |
|
Definition
| -they grow to adult size & become functional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ovulation & menses cease entirely
-without sufficient estrogen, reproductive organs & breasts atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Side effects of menopause |
|
Definition
-irritability & depression
-skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation
-gradual thinning of skin & bone loss |
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