• Tunica vaginalis
• Tunica albuginea

• Dartos muscle
• Cremaster muscle
• Pampiniform plexus

• Both branches off the autonomic system and sensory nerves
• Travels with the blood vessels and lymphatics in the spermatic cord

• Head joins the efferent ductules
• Tail and body are on the posterior aspect of the testis

• Prostaticurethra
• Membranous urethra
• Spongy urethra 

• Activates sperm
• Accounts for 1/3 of the semen 

• Smooth muscle in the arterioles relax and allow erectile tissue to fill with blood
• Parasympathetic system 

• Reproductive ducts and glands empty their contents
• Bladder sphincter muscle relaxes
• Bulbospongiosus muscle of the penis undergoes a rapid series of contractions 

• Acrosome-tip that carries hydrolytic enzymes to help penetrate the egg
• Head- contains DNA
• Midpiece- has contractile elements
• Tail-flagellum  

• Both produced by mitosis of spermatogonia
• Type A daughter cells are germ cells
• Type B daughter cells are spermatocytes 

• Spermatocytes become secondary spermatocytes
• Secondary spermatocytes become spermatids 

• Seminiferous tubule
• Rete testis
• Efferent ductule
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Ejaculatory duct
• Urethra 

• FSH stimulates gamete production by causing sustentacular cells to produce androgen binding protein (ABP)
• LH causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone.

• Outer cortex for gamete production
• Inner medulla contains blood vessels 

• Ovarian ligament anchors ovary to uterus medially
• Suspensory ligament anchors ligament to pelvic wall
• Mesovarium suspended between uterus and ovary
• Broad ligament- suspensory ligament and the broad ligament 

• Ovarian arteries from the abdominal aorta
• Ovarian branch of the uterine artery 

• Primordial follicle has one layer of squamous like cells
• Primary follicle has two or more layers of cuboidal or columnar granulosa cells
• Secondary follicle has fluid in the cavity (between granulosa layers) 

• Ampulla-enlargement of the distal end
• Infundibulum- funnel-shaped opening with ciliated finger like projections known as fimbriae 

• Lies between the bladder and rectum
• Urethra is embedded in the anterior wall 

• Stratified squamous epithelium
• No glands, lubrication comes from mucus of the cervix 

• Teenager- alkaline secretions
• Adult- acidic secretions 

• Body-the major portion
• Fundus-the rounded top
• Cervix-outlet that projects into the vagina 

• Describe the difference between anteverted and retroverted
• Describe the difference between anteflexed and retroflexed 

• Anteverted- entire organ is inclined forward
• Retroverted- entire organ is inclined backwards
• Anteflexed- fundus is tilted anteriorly compared to the cervix
• Retroflexed- Fundus is tilted posteriorly compared to the cervix. 

• Mesometrium- lateral support (portion of the broad ligament)
• Lateral cervical (cardinal)- from the cervix and vagina to the lateral wall of the pelvis
• Uterosacral- paired secure the uterus to the sacrum posteriorly
• Round ligament- to the labia via the inguinal canal 

• Perimetrium- serous layer
• Myometrium- muscle layer
• Endometrium- mucosal lining 

• Stratum functionalis- undergoes cyclic changes
• Stratum basalis forms a new functionalis layer at the end of menstruation 

• Uterine arteries branch from the internal iliacs
• Arcuates branch from the uterine artery to the endometrium
• Radials branch from the arcuates
• Radials branch into straight arteries of the stratum basalis and spiral arteries of the stratum functionalis 

• Pubic arch
• Ischial tuberosities
• Coccyx 

• Labia majora-scrotum
• Labia minora- ventral penis 

• 15-25 lobes
• Contains lobules that have the alveoli cells that produce milk
• Lactiferous ducts that collect milk and lactiferous sinuses that store the milk 

Primary oocytes are stalled prophase I.

What event causes meiosis to continue and what is produced?

• Puberty
• Results in formation of a large secondary oocyte and a small first polar body 

• First polar body undergoes the rest of meiosis II yielding 2 smaller polar bodies
• The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II which is arrested in metaphase II 

• Fertilization of the egg
• Produced is one large ovum and a small secondary polar body 

• Follicular phase
• Ovulation
• Luteal phase 

• Estrogen
• Granulosa cells also produce a thick transparent membrane called the zona pellucida 

• Follicle fills with blood becoming a corpus hemorrhagicum
• Granulosa cells enlarge and become a corpus luteum 

• Produces progesterone
• If pregnancy does not occure the corpus luteum degenerates 

• Growing ovaries during childhood produce estrogen which inhibits GnRH
• At puberty the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen 

• GnRH is released in a rhythmic pulse like manner
• The anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH
• Gonadotropin levels increase for 4 years without ovulation

• Menarche
• 3 years 

• Both stimulate follicle growth and maturation, and estrogen secretion
• FSH affects the follicle
• LH affects the thecal cells to produce androgens 

• Inhibit production of FSH and LH
• Estrogen increases estrogen output by intensifying the effects of FSH

• High estrogen levels cause a LH burst
• LH causes the dominant follicle to complete the first meiotic division and form a secondary oocyte (around day 14)
• Causes the formation of the corpus luteum after the follicle has ruptured

• Blood flow is cut off to the protruding part of the follicle and rupture occurs about 5 minutes after that
• Estrogen levels decline secondary to damage of the follicle

• Rising levels of estrogen and progesterone have an inhibitory effect on LH and FSH
• As LH drops the copus luteum degenerates and serum estrogen and progesterone drop
• Declining estrogen and progesterone level stop the blockade of LH and FSH on days 26-28 

• Menstrual phase
• Proliferative phase (preovulatory)
• Secretory phase (postovulatory) 

• Days 1-5 menstration takes place
• Uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium
• 3-5 days of bleeding

• Endometrium rebuilds under the influence of estrogen, glands enlarge, and spiral arteries increase in number
• Estrogen induces synthesis of progesterone receptors
• Cervical mucus becomes thick and crystalline

• Day 15-28 the most consistent time wise
• Endometrium preparing for implantation
• Progesterone converts the functional layer into a secretory mucosa
• Mucus of the cervix becomes viscous again 

• Corpus luteum degenerates dropping levels of progesterone
• Spiral arteries kink and spasm
• Blood gushes into the weakened capillaries causing rupture and sloughing of the endometrium 

• Growth of breasts
• Deposits of subcutaneous fat in the hips and breasts
• Widening and lightening of the pelvis
• Growth of axillary and pubic hair
• Lowers total cholesterol with a rise in HDL
• Faciliate calcium deposits in bone