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Definition
| An individual unit of a population. Can be a person, event, experience, behavior, or any other single unit of a study. |
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Involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to conduct a study. |
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| Sampling plan/sampling method |
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Defines the selection process |
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| Define the selected group of people (or elements). Expected to represent a population of people |
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| When elements are persons, they are referred to as _____________. |
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The entire set of persons or elements who meet the sampling critera |
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The portion of the target population to which the research has reasonable access. |
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_________ extends the finding from the sample under study to the larger population. |
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| Sample criteria (aka eligibility criteria) |
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Definition
| Include the list of characteristics essential for eligibility or membership in the target population. |
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| Inclusion sampling criteria |
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Definition
| The characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population. |
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| Exclusion sampling criteria |
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Definition
| Characteristics that can cause a person or element to be excluded from the target population. |
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Definition
| The researcher may narrowly define the sampling criteria to make the sample as ______ (similar) as possible or to control extraneous variable. |
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Conversely, the researcher may broadly define the criteria to ensure that the study sample is ______, with a broad range of values or scores on the variables being studied. |
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Definition
| ______ means that the sample, the accessible population, and the target population are alike in as many ways as possible. Needs to be evaluated in terms of setting, characteristics of the subjects, and distribution of values on variables measured in the study. |
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Definition
| The expected difference in values that occurs when different subjects from the same samle are examined. |
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| Systematic Variation (or systematic bias) |
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Definition
| A serious concern in sampling--a consequence of selecting subjects whose measurement values differ in some specific way from those values between the sample and the population. |
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Definition
| in published studies, researchers may identify a _____, which is the percentage of subjects who declined to participate in the study and subjects' reasons for not participating. |
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Definition
The percentage of subjects consenting to participate in a study. |
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| The withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study |
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| A list of every member of the population; the samling criteria are used to define membership in the population. |
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Definition
| Every member (element) of the population has a probability higher than zero of being seleced for the sample. |
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| The most basic of the probability sampling plans, and it is achieved by randomly selecting element from the sampling frame. |
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Term
| Stratified random sampling |
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Definition
| Used in situations in which the reseacher knows some of the variables in the population that are critical for achieving representativeness. |
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Definition
When a researcher develops a sampling frame that includes a list of all the states, cities, institutions, or organizations with which elements of the identified population can be linked. |
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| _______ can be conducted when an ordered listof all members of the population is available. |
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Definition
| In ________, not every element of the population has an opportunity for selection in the sample. |
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Term
| Convenience Sampling (accidental sampling) |
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Definition
| ________ is considered a weak approach because it provides little opportunity to control for biases; subjects are included in the study merely because they happen to be in the right place at the right time. |
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Definition
______ uses convenience sampling technique with an added feature--a strategy to ensure the inclusion of subject types likely to be underrepresented in he convenience sample, such as females, minority groups, and the elderly, poor, rich, and undereducated. |
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Definition
| Currently, the adequacy of the sample size is evaluated using a ______. |
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Definition
| _______ is the capacity of the study to detect differences or relationships that actually exist in the population. |
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Definition
| The extent to which the null hypothesis is false. |
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| Purposive Sampling (judgmental or selective sampling) |
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Definition
Type of sampling when the researcher consciously selects certain subjects, elements, events, or incidents to include in the study. |
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| Network Sampling (snowball sampling) |
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Definition
| Type of sampling: holds promise for locating subjects who would be difficult or impossible to obtain in other ways or who have not been previously identified for study. |
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| Type of sampling: frequently used in grounded theory research to develop a selected theory through the research process. The researcher gathers relevant data for theory generation. |
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| Natural Setting or Field Setting |
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Definition
| An uncontrolled, real-life situation or environment. The researcher does not manipulate the environment for the study. Used in descriptive, correlational, and qualitative studies. |
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| Partially controlled setting |
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| An environment that is manipulated in some way by the researcher. Used in Correlational, quasi-experimental, and experiental studies. |
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| Highly controlled setting |
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Definition
| An artificially constructed environment developed for the sole purpose of conducting research. Ex: Laboratories, research centers, test units in hospitals. |
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