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| study of functional relations between physical stimuli and subjects' perceptions of and reactions to them |
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| minimum intensity that can produce a sensation |
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| minimum variation that can be sensed between stimuli |
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| influence of the observer's presence on the behavior |
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| participants disclose their atitudes, feelings, or experiences by responding to a survey |
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| rating scale based on agreement |
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| ratings idicated by placing a mark at the corresponding point along a continuous line of a standard length |
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| ratings indicated by marking the appropriate segment in a continuum |
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| numbers span the continuum between endpoints, and the respondents give their ratings by circling the appropriate one |
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| use existing remains, products, or evidence of behavior to infer or explain past events or states of affairs |
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| material signs or evidence of the past event |
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| abstracted traces of variables that are recorded in hard copy or electronic formats |
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making observations of the behavior only when a predetermined situation occurs
for ex. studying nervous behavior only on exam days |
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| researchers collect data only during predetermined intervals of time within one or more observation periods |
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| a process i which narrative information is classified into categories or rated on specific dimensions |
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| data collected contrast subjects by classifying each not one or two or more categoreies based on the individual's behavior or other characteristics; sometimes called categorical; ex. name, gender |
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| differentiates only by a rank ordering; has all properties of a nominal scale , but also expresses magnitude; ex. military level, scholastic performance |
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| consecutive scale values represent equal distances in the underlying variable |
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| all the properties of interval scales plus an absolute zero point- indicating the absence of the attribute being possessed |
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| degree to which scores in a set of data deviate from the mean |
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| an uncontrolled factor in a study that can affect one condition differently from another, rendering the effect of the independent variable unclear |
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| variation in data that results from factors which effects are nonsystematic or random; measure of all the variation that is not associated with the conditions of the study; main source is individual difference |
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| degree of consistancy of the data |
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| degree to which it actually assesses what it is intended to measure |
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| whether procedure looks like it measures what it is supposed to assess |
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MEASUREMENT BIAS:
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS |
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| aspects of the study the participants employ to determine its purpose |
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MEASUREMENT BIAS:
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY |
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| individuals behave in ways they think are socially acceptable |
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MEASUREMENT BIAS:
RESPONSE SET BIAS |
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| participants give similar ratings (high, low, somewhere in the middle) accross most or all items in a survey |
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MEASUREMENT BIAS:
OBSERVER BIAS |
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| observers expectations of what they will perceive |
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| provide an abstract picture of the distribtion of data in a grouping in terms of its central tendency and variability |
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| descriptive statistic calculated by taking the square root of the variance |
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| mathmatical procedures for determining the probability that relationships or differences in our data actually exist in the population form which our swample of subjects was drawn |
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| test hypotheses based on data that allow us to estimate the parameters that is, the descriptive statistics such as the mean or standard deviation of the population from which the sample of subjects was drawn; data must be on an interval or ratio scale and variable should have an approximate normal distribution |
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| tests hypotheses that do no involve parameters; uses data on a nominal or ordinal scale or when the data is not normally distributed |
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| sufficiently great that it probably didn't happen just by chance |
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| sensitivity of a statistical procedure to detect a relationship |
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| form of correlation reflecting in standard units the amount of variation in the dependent variable that is linked to the independent variable; not affected by sample size |
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