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| receives a special, manipulated level of the independent variable |
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| the effect of an independent variable is rendered unclear because extraneous variables may have affected the dependent variable |
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| a test to verify the intended differential action of the independent variable's levels |
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| degree to which the research results can be attributed to variations in the independent variable, rather than some other factor |
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| compare two or more matched groups of subjects who have different levels of the independent variable |
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| sets of subjects who are very similar on some characteristic, with each set containing the same number of subjects as there are conditions in the study |
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| repeated measures; each subject is measured more than once on the dependent variable; no need for random assignment or matching; efficient-less time and fewer subjects; complex- potential for confounding |
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| subjects fail to complete the study at a much higher rate in some research conditions |
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| experiences that occur during the course of a study and may affect the dependent variable but are not part of the independent variable; can be a pretest posttest problem |
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| process of physical and psychological growth; can be a pretest posttest problem |
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| tendency of individuals who score initally very high or low when tested or observed to score more toward the middle of the distribution when reassesed |
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| alterations in the way data are collected in one test than in another |
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| pretest experience changes the subjects such as by making them more skilled in the task, giving away a hidden purpose of the study, or altering their attitudes, perceptions or knowledge in ways that affect how they score on the posttest. |
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| making sure that any variation occurs to the same degree in each condition |
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| prevents both the participant and the observer from knowing which condition the person is receiving |
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