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Definition
-Means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem
-Research process involves emerging questions and procedures
-Focuses on context and complexity of situations and experiences
-Generates novel insights into social phenomena difficult to measure
--The questions that are studied usually haven’t been asked a lot |
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-Tends to be more exploratory than confirmatory
-Tends to be more focused on meaning and context
-Tends to be less generalizable
--Doesn’t mean it the the study doesn't have value
-Often is perceived as more “subjective” |
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-Both use research question/purpose
-Both interpret data through analytic techniques
-Both attempt to understand human behavior |
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| Qualitative similar to quantitative because… |
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-Results can generate new hypotheses
-Can help with design of quantitative data collection tools
-Can help tell the story behind the data |
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| How does qualitative data complement quantitative data? (3 things) |
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-Case study
-Phenomenology
-Grounded theory
-Ethnography
-Critical theory |
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| Types of Inquiry approaches in qualitative data (5) |
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| -Study of an issue through one or more cases in a setting or context |
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-Meaning of lived experiences for several individuals
-Describes what participants have in common as they experience a phenomenon |
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-Develop a theory for an action or process that is “grounded” in the view points of participants
-Participants chosen by theoretical sampling |
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-Describe and interpret the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs and language of a culture-sharing group, “insider’s view”
-Often involves extensive and immersed observation |
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-Goal is to critique and transform social, political, and cultural structures to reduce social injustices
-Critiques a current understanding of a social injustice |
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1. Convenience
2. Snowball
3.Purposive
4. Quota
5. Theoretical |
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| Qualitative sampling strategies (5) |
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-Determine what the population looks like in terms of specific qualities
-Create quotas based on those qualities
-Select people for each quota |
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-Recruits people who fit inclusion criteria
-Collect and analyze and continually recruit participants based on what you have heard to date |
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| -Selected based on ease of access |
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-Get cases that fit inclusion criteria
-Selects case with purpose in mind |
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-Find a few people relevant to your topic
-Ask them to refer you to more people relevant to your topic
-Often used with vulnerable or hard to reach populations |
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-Participation and observation
-Interviews
-Focus groups
-Analyzing existing text, photos, etc. |
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Definition
| Core Strategies for Collecting Qualitative Data |
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| Participation & Observation |
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Definition
Objective: To observe how people act and interact in certain social situations
Researcher is involved in |
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| Researcher is involved in the social world |
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| Researcher is watching the social world |
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| Non Participant Observation: |
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-Observer is an eavesdropper
-Someone who attempts to observe people without interacting with them
-Without their knowledge that they are being observed |
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-Observer participates actively for an extended period of time
-May require observer to live or work in the area
-Assumes that observer will become accepted member of the group or community |
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| Objective: To identify individual perceptions, beliefs, feelings and experiences |
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-Introduction
-Opening question for rapport-building
--Sets the stage
--Easy to answer
-Topics for in-depth discussion
-Closing |
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Definition
| Parts of an interview guide |
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-Express interest in hearing different points of view
-Explain purpose of the study
-Explain procedures of the interview
-Explain and give opportunity to provide informed consent |
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| 4 things that must be in an interview introduction |
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| Objective: To identify a range of opinions on a specific issue or seek community norms (typically 5-10 people) |
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| What tool is used in interviews to help keep interviewers on task? |
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| What tool is used in focus groups to help keep interviewers on task? |
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| Advantages of focus groups |
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Definition
-Group interaction
-Range of issues and opinions
-Discussion provides more detail and clarification
-Identify breadth of an issue more efficiently |
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| Disadvantages of focus groups |
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Definition
-Less depth of information
-Not suitable for personal/private experiences
-Managing dynamics
-Potential social desirability bias
-More difficult to maintain confidentiality |
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-Gain in-depth information
-Identify personal experiences
-Good for sensitive issues
-Confidentiality |
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| Disadvantages of interviews |
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Definition
-No interaction or feedback from others
-Individual perspective only
-Multiple are necessary to gather range of -perspectives
-Self-reported information |
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| Structured, semi-structured, unstructured |
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| Advantages of participation and observation |
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Definition
-Gather contextual information
-Data gathered in the natural environment (not laboratory or controlled setting)
-See actual behaviors instead of people reporting on their behavior |
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| Disadvantages of participation and observation |
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Definition
-Subjective interpretation of what is being observed
-Social desirability bias or Hawthorne effect
-Requires a lot of up front planning and can be complex IRB proposals to get approved |
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Term
-Introduction
--Establish ground rules
-Begins with question easy to answer
-Questions in order to encourage conversational flow
-Start general and then narrow down
-Plan for time wisely |
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| Discussion guide considerations |
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| Analysis of existing resources |
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Definition
| Objective: To explore a specific phenomena through existing data resources |
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| Advantages of Analysis of existing resources |
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Definition
-Data required for study already exists
-Move quickly through IRB review
-Unobtrusive methodology |
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| Disadvantages of Analysis of existing resources |
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Definition
-Data required for study already exists
-Can’t explore (ask questions about) more about the data that is already existing
-Difficult to clarify meaning if not included in the existing resources |
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1. Data reduction
2. Theme identification
3. Interpretation
4. Verification
5. Reporting |
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Definition
| Qualitative Data Analysis Steps |
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| occurs when hearing similar information—no new concepts or understanding from further data collection |
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| What is an iterative process when analyzing qualitative data? |
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Term
-Transcription
-Familiarization
-Coding
-Working analytic framework (codebook)
-Applying the framework
-Charting data into the framework matrix
-Interpreting |
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Definition
| Steps in the framework method: |
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1. credibility
2. transferability
3. dependibility |
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| 3 Quality standards for qualitative data |
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Definition
-Creates trust in the research
-Provide detail in methods: Describe the plan and how it was executed (audit trail)
-Constant comparative method, ideally multiple people looking at the data
-Reflect on the process: Evaluate the process and what could be done differently/or should be kept the same |
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| Using multiple methods to study problem (type of triangulation) |
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| Multiple data sources (type of triangulation) |
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-Two researchers independently code the same text -passage and compare notes
-Calculate the proportion of agreement
-Cohen’s kappa, takes chance agreement into account |
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Term
1. The convergent parallel design
2.The explanatory sequential design
3. The exploratory sequential design |
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Definition
| 3 mixed methods research designs |
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| The convergent parallel design |
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Definition
Choose what design if:
-Need to collect both types of data in 1 visit to the field
- Both types of data have equal value for understanding the research problem
-Have quantitative and qualitative research skills
-Can manage extensive data collection activities individually or with a team |
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| The explanatory sequential design |
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Definition
Choose what design if:
- Researcher and research problem are quantitatively oriented
-Know important variables and instruments are available
-Participants are available for second data collection
-Have time to conduct 2 phases
-Have limited resources and need to collect and analyze 1 data type at a time
-New questions emerge from quantitative methods |
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| The exploratory sequential design |
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Definition
Choose what design if:
-Researcher and research problem are qualitatively oriented
-Important variables are not known/instruments not available
-Have time to conduct 2 phases
-Have limited resources and need to collect and analyze one data type at a time
-New questions have emerged from qualitative results |
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Definition
| In what kind of research does the researcher identify the problem, complete the study, and disseminate results to the community? |
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Definition
| In what kind of research does the community & researcher identify problem, community & researcher complete the study, and community & researcher disseminate results for action? |
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Term
-Participatory
-Cooperative
-Co-learning
-Community capacity
-Empowering
-Balance |
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Definition
| 6 core principles of participatory action research |
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Term
-Time consuming-takes time to build relationships and trust, working alongside community partners and making adjustments along the way can make the research time consuming
-Power dynamics- Researcher needs to find a balance between facilitating the project and controlling the project, need to look out for differing positions of power of participants
-New agenda: Participants may identify a different agenda entirely from the one the researcher went into the project wanting to explore
-Role adjustment: Roles of researcher and participants will change over the course of the project
-Shared control: Research control must be shared with the community, harder to predict and control outcomes
-Dissemination: May not be traditional methods usually used in research |
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Definition
| Challenges of participatory action research |
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-Supports implementation: Sometimes it can take years for research results to be translated into practice, in PAR the results can lead to immediate actions
-Sustainability: Because efforts are completed alongside community members, they are already engaged and could be more likely to sustain efforts beyond the scope of the research project
-Builds capacity- PAR works to build capacity of both the participants and the researcher and the community
-Networking-good way to connect researchers to the -community and vice versa
-Effect change- incremental changes can occur through the research process as participants are empowered, additionally the goal of the research is to effect change in larger society
-Vulnerable populations: PAR can be a good mechanism to engage with more vulnerable or hard to reach populations of people |
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Definition
| Benefits of participatory action research |
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Term
-Survey development
-Needs assessment |
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Definition
| Quantitative participatory action research methods |
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-Observation
-Focus groups
-Interviews
-Photo voice |
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Definition
| Qualitative participatory action research methods |
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-see the world through eyes of respondents
-describe contexts in a lot of detail
-show how social change occurs -->how things come to be
-research approach flexible
-well-suited to help identify what needs to be measured or described and how to measure it |
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Definition
| What do qualitative researchers think about? |
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