Term
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Definition
It's a bad habit developed at birth.
Cells need a constant supply of oxygen to live and function.
Cells also need to constantly remove CO2 . |
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Term
| Distinguish between Ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, transportation, and cellular respiration. |
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Definition
1. Ventilation - Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
2. External respiration - gas exchange between air and blood in lungs. O2 in CO2 out.
3. Internal Respiration - Gas exchange between cells and blood. O2 in cell, CO2 out of cell.
4. Transportation - Movement of gases to cells and back. Blood/Cardiovascular system.
5. Cellular Respiration - Cells using oxygen to release energy, and releasing CO2. (what the cell does). |
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Term
| Which organs are in the upper respiratory system (tract)? |
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Definition
Upper respiratory system is NOT in the thorax.
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal cavities, Pharynx (includes Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx), as well as sometimes the larynx. |
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Term
| Which respiratory organs are in the lower respiratory system (tract)? |
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Definition
| Those organs INSIDE the thorax. Trachea, bronchi (or bronchial tubes), bronchioles, and alveoli. |
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Term
| Trace a drop of air from the nose to the alveoli. |
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Definition
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, broncioles, alveoli.
No Please Leave That Broccoli Bunch Alone. |
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Term
| Describe the structure and function of the organs of the respiratory tract. |
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Definition
| Big one, Basically, all have a covering of mucus membranes. Cilieated epithelium cells line nearly all surfaces down to the bronchi. Alveoli have single layer of simple epitheluim cells. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the alveoli. |
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Definition
| Made up of simple epithelium cells, surrounded by capillaries, filled with watery fluid to aid diffusion, surfactant prevent collapse during exhale. |
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Term
| What important event takes place in the alveoli? |
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Definition
| External respiration. gas exchange between the blood and air. |
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Term
| Discuss the steps to inspiration. |
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Definition
| essay! Diaphragm contracts, reducing the air pressure inside the thoracic cavity, lungs are pulled outward with the thoracic cavity, atmospheric pressure now is greater, air will flow to the lower pressure,filling the lungs with fresh air. |
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Term
| What process causes both internal and external respiration to occur? |
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Definition
| Diffusion. Think O2 and CO2 concentrations. Higher concentrations flow to lower concentrations via diffusion. |
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Term
| What are paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
Air filled spaces in the facial bones that connect with the nasal cavity. Named after the bones they are in.
Sphenoid sinus,Ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the sinuses? |
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Definition
| sinuses lighten the skull, and provide resonating spaces for speech. |
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Term
| What bones contain sinuses? |
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Definition
| Ethmoid bone (ethmoid sinus), Frontal bone (frontal sinus), Maxillary bone (maxillary sinus), Parietal bone (parietal sinus). |
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Term
| What event occurs at the respiratory Membrane? Describe the structure of the respiratory membrane. |
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Definition
Better yet, what is the respiratory membrane? (epithelial cells of alveolus, endothelial cells of capillary, Two fused basement membranes).
SO what occurs here? External respiration (between air and blood). |
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Term
| What is the force that causes air to move into and out of the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The cohesion of similar molecules in liquids. |
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Term
| How does surface tension assist respiration? |
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Definition
| surface tension between the visceral pleura, the parietal pleura, and the serous fluid in the intra pleural space between is what causes the lungs to expand with the intercostal muscles (BBQ Muscles) and the diaphragm. |
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Term
| List the major functions of the Respiratory system. |
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Definition
1. Gas exchange
2. filter and warm air
3. Control temperature and water content of air.
4. Vocal sound.
5. Smell
6. Blood Ph. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure and volume are inversely related. As pressure decreases, volume (of air in this case) increases, this is how the lungs are filled, and exhausted. By increasing the volume of the lungs, the air pressure outside will fill the space. By decreasing the volume, air is exhausted, an exhalation. |
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Term
| State the rule of breathing and relate it to respiration. |
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Definition
1st rule of breathing, don't stop.
actually, volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure. If you know Boyles law, this is silly. |
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Term
| Distinguish between the organs of the alimentary canal and the accessory organs. |
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Definition
| The alimentary canal is the entire system which food passes thru. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, Cecum, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus. Accessory organs to not have food pass thru them, but assist with digestion. Liver, gall bladder, pancreas, teeth, appendix, salivary glands, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wave like contraction of smooth muscle which propels food thru the digestive tract. |
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Term
| In what organs does peristalsis occur? |
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Definition
| All the organs involved in the alimentary digestive tract. Esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, rectum, and I suppose the Anus. |
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Term
| Trace a particle of food thru the alimentary canal. |
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Definition
| Lips, teeth, mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, esophageal sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, Jejunum (small intestine), Ileum (small intestine), ileocecal Valve, Cecum, Large intestine (with ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections), Rectum, Anus. |
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Term
| Briefly describe the structure and functions of the organs of the digestive system. |
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Definition
This is lengthy, Function - to process food from larger units to molecular size usable by the cells of the body.
Structure - too much for a card. |
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Term
| Which cells secrete HCL into the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of HCL (hydrochloric acid) in the stomach? |
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Definition
Converts Pepsinogen to Pepsin
Destroys bacteria.
Deactivates Amalase. |
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Term
| What is the function of the mucus secreted throughout alimentary canal? |
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Definition
| Lubrication of bolus of food, binding of bolus together, and ease of passage. |
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Term
| Describe the term Secretion. |
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Definition
| Releasing a useful chemical from a cell or gland. Contrast with excretion, which is not useful, or a waste product. |
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Term
| Describe the term elimination. |
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Definition
| Removal of indigestible molecules. |
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Term
| Describe the term Absorption. |
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Definition
| Movement of nutrients along the GI tract wall to be delivered to the cells via the blood stream. |
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Term
| Describe the term mechanical digestion. |
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Definition
| Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces which are more easily handled by later systems. |
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Term
| Describe the term Chemical Digestion. |
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Definition
Splitting of complex, non-absorbable food molecules into small, absorbable nutrient molecules by hydrolysis: forms simpler compounds.
SIMPLE! Chemically breaks down food into molecules. |
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Term
| Describe the inner layer of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function. |
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Definition
Lumen - its the hole thru which things pass.
1. Mucosa - (S)simple columnar epithelium but varies by function. (F)secrete digestive enzymes and mucus.
OR Secretes mucus only
OR Absorbs nutrients. |
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Term
| Describe the next innermost layer of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function. |
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Definition
| Sub Mucosa- (S) Has nerves, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and loose connective tissue. (F) carries away absorbed material. |
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Term
| Describe the third (from inside) layer of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function. |
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Definition
Muscularis - (s) two layers of smooth muscle that differ in fiber orientation.
Inner layer is circular. (contricts the tube)
Outer layer is Longitudinal. (shortens the tube) |
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Term
| Describe the Outer layer of the alimentary canal in terms of structure and function. |
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Definition
Serosa - (s) Formed of the Visceral Peritoneum, and is continuous with the parietal peritoneum.
(F) secretes serous fluid onto the outer surface of the canal which aids against friction and protects underlying tissues. |
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Term
| Name and locate the major salivary glands. |
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Definition
1. Parotid gland - Largest gland, In front of each ear over the masseter muscle.
2. Sub-mandibular gland - Located in floor of the mouth.
3. Sub-lingual gland - Located under the tongue. Smallest salivary gland. |
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Term
| Describe the components of Saliva. |
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Definition
99.5% water - dissolves substances.
Mucus - Binds food during chewing and swallowing.
Salivary Amalase - Speeds digestion of starch and glycogen into maltose.
Lysozyme - Kills certain bacteria. |
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Term
| What is the function of the parietal cells of the Gastric glands? |
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Definition
| Secrete HCL (Hydrochloric acid), which converts pepsinogen to pepsin (digests proteins). |
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Term
| What is the function of the Chief cells of the Gastric glands? |
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Definition
| Secrete Pepsinogen which is later converted to Pepsin (digests proteins) |
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Term
| What is the function of the Mucus cells of the Gastric glands? |
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Definition
| Secrete mucus which protects the mucosa from the actions of the other digestive secretions. |
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Term
| List the functions of the digestive system. |
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Definition
Ingestion - Intake of food and potential energy.
Digestion - Mechanically and chemically breaking down food into subunits.
movement - Move food thru the GI tract to fulfill all functions.
Absorption - Movement of nutrients across GI tract wall to be delivered to the cell via the blood.
Elimination - Removal of indigestible molecules. |
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Term
| Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion with examples. |
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Definition
mechanical digestion is the breaking of large pieces of food into smaller pieces. Chewing.
chemical digestion - is the chemical alteration of unusable nutrients into usable nutrients. Conversion of glycogen to maltose with enzymes. |
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