Term
| What are the head structures of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| external nares, nasal cavity, hard palate, soft palate, pharynx |
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Term
| What are the thoracic structures of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, lobes of the lung, diapghragm |
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Term
| What is another name for the larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts are associated with the anatomy of the larynx? |
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Definition
| hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, epiglottis, vocal cords |
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Term
| Where does the anterior end of each vocal cord attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the posterior end of each vocal cord attach? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOw do the arytenoid cartilage moves the vocal cords? |
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Definition
| By pivoting away from each other to move the posterior ends of the vocal cords apart |
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Term
| What does the movement of the arytenoid cartilages open? |
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Definition
| a triangular space, called the glottis, between the vocal cords so air can pass through the larynx |
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Term
| How are the arytenoid cartilages moved? |
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Definition
| Via a pair of fan-shaped muscles beginning as a broad band on the posterior surface of the cricoid and then narrows to insert at a point low on the side of the arytenoid |
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Term
| How is the glottis closed? |
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Definition
| By pivoting the arytenoids toward each other |
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Term
| How is the glottis closed via musculature? |
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Definition
| A second set of muscles, each of which runs from the side of the cricoid to a point low on the side of the arytenoid |
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Term
| What happens to the vocal cords when sound is produced? |
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Definition
| The vocal cords are held together and air is forced up between them, causing them to vibrate rapidly |
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Term
| What does the pitch of the sound depend on? |
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Definition
| The tautness of the vocal cords |
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Term
| How is the tautness of the of the vocal cords changed? |
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Definition
| Tilting the cartilage forward or backward |
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Term
| How is the tilting of the thyroid cartilage produced? |
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Definition
| by muscles that run between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages and by muscles that run between the sternum and the thyroid cartilage |
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Term
| What does lung tissue look like on a slide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the very small circles and semicircles on a lung tissue slide? |
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Definition
| Cross sections of alveioli |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny terminal air sacs through which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air and the blood of adjacent capillaries |
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Term
| Where are the capillaries located in the lung tissue? |
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Definition
| Adjacent to the walls of the alveoli but are too difficult to see due to their small size |
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Term
| What are the large circles and oblongs that can be seen in lung tissue? |
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Definition
| bronchioles and blood vessels |
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Term
| What does a bronchiole look like on a lung tissue slide? |
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Definition
| pale pink or violet wall with a distinctive dark purple inner lyaer |
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Term
| What is the inner layer of a bronchiole made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the purple dots located on the columnar cells of the bronchiole inner layer? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| part of the bronchial tree that delivers air to the alveoli |
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Term
| How do you distinguish a blood vessel from a bronchiole? |
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Definition
| Blood vessels lack the dark purple inner layer |
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Term
| WHat happens with Emphysema? |
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Definition
| Involves gradual destruction of the walls of alveoli, resulting in in the merging of groups of alveoli into larger chambers |
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Term
| What happens as a result of the merging of groups of alveoli into larger chambers? |
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Definition
| Decrease in total respiratory surface area. As well as reduction in elasticity of alveolar walls and a reduction in the number of capillaries around the alveoli |
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Term
| Due to the structural changes caused by emphysema what are the effects on the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| Reduce the efficiency of gas exchange in the lung, loss of elasticity makes exhalation more difficult |
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Term
| What happens to smaller particles that are not trapped by the mucus of the respiratory pathways if they reach the alveoli? |
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Definition
| Usually engulfed by macrophages around the alveoli. |
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Term
| What happens with some of the macrophages after they have consumed a particle? |
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Definition
| Migrate out of the alveoli into the adjacent connective tissue |
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Term
| What happens after a macrophage dumps its particle in the adjacent connective tissue by an alveoli? |
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Definition
| Gradual accumulation of the particles and are surrounded by connective tissue fibers |
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Term
| What is the accumulation of particles in the adjacent tissue called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is at risk for severe/high levels of anthracosis? |
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Definition
| smokers, miners, sandblasters |
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Term
| How does a lung look like with low levels of anthracosis? |
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Definition
| Marks the lungs with streaks and spots of gray and black |
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Term
| What does a lung look like with severe/high levels of anthracosis? |
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Definition
| Darkly stained with black |
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Term
| What are the two major roles of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| moving air into and out of the lungs, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the bloodstream |
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Term
| What does spriometry/a spirometer measure? |
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Definition
| Both the volume of air moved and the rate at which it moves |
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Term
| What are other pulmonary function tests that do not employ spirometry? |
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Definition
| resistance to airflow in the airways, how efficiently oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood, and the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood |
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Term
| What is FVC an abbreviation for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is forced vital capacity? |
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Definition
| total volume produced when a person inhales using max effort, and then exhales into a spirometer mouthpiece with maximum effort and max speed |
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Term
| What is does the abbreviation FEV1 stand for? |
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Definition
| forced expiratory volume in one second |
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Term
| What is the forced expiratory volume in one second? |
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Definition
| the portion of the forced vital capacity that you breathe out in the first second |
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Term
| What are the structural characteristics of Obstructive pulmonary diseases? |
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Definition
| Narrowing of respiratory airways |
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Term
| What can the narrowing associated with obstructive pulmonary disease be caused by? |
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Definition
| INcreased mucus secretion, inflammation, spasmodic contraction of the muscular layer of the bronchi |
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Term
| What does the narrowing of the respiratory airways cause? |
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Definition
| Increased airway resistance causing slow outflow of air during expiration, making it take longer to empty the lungs each exhalation |
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Term
| What are a three common obstructive pulmonary diseases? |
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Definition
| asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a restrictive pulmonary diseases? |
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Definition
| decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold |
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Term
| What can cause the decrease associated with restrictive pulmonary diseases? |
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Definition
| reduced elasticity of the lung tissue, damage to the chest wall or impairment of the muscles that expand the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| What happens to the airway resistance with restrictive pulmonary diseases? |
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Definition
| airways resistance is usually normal |
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Term
| What are examples of restrictive pulmonary diseases? |
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Definition
| Coal miner's disease, lung cancer, pneumonia, which damage lung tissue. Polio and muscular dystrophy by weakening respiratory muscles |
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Term
| What is the normal range of FEV1% values? |
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Definition
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