Exchange of carbon dioxide
and oxygen between the 
body cells and blood is part
of

internal respiration

The pharynx is the cavity 
behind  the mouth extending 
from the ____ to the _____.

nasal cavity, larynx

The portion of the larynx 
visible in the neck as the 
Adam's apple is the:

thyroid cartilage

The pitch of the voice is 
controlled by:

changing the tension of 
vocal cords

The trachea is maintained
 in an open position by

cartilaginous rings

 The name for the spot where 
the right and left bronchi arise 
from the trachea is the

carina

 The smallest branches of 
the bronchial tree are the

bronchioles

The type of epithelium found
 in the alveoli is

simple squamous

Each lung is entered on its 
medial surface by a bronchus 
and blood vessels at the:

hilum

Which lung is composed 
of superior, inferior, 
and middle lobes?

right

The serous membrane
attached to the surface 
of the lungs is the

visceral pleura

The serous memebrane 
covering the inner wall 
of the thoracic cavity is the

parietal pleura

Which muscles work with 
the diaphragm to increase 
the size of the thorax during 
normal respiration?

external intercostals

The force responsible for 
normal expiration comes 
mainly from

elastic recoil of tissues
in the lung

The ease with which lungs 
can be expanded in resopnse 
to pressure changes during
breathing is called:

 compliance

Respiratory air volumes
are measured by an 
instrument called a

spirometer

The amount of air that 
reaches the alveoli and 
is available for gas exchange 
is represented by the

alveolar ventilation rate

The part of the brain that
stimulates muscles to contract
to initiate inhalation is the

ventral respiratory group
of medulla

The best stimulus to increase 
respiratory rate and depth is 
to increase the blood

carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide can be 
transported by hemoglobin 
by binding to

an amino group

The largest amount of carbon
dioxide is transported in the
blood in which form?

As bicarbonate ions

The primary function of the respiratory

system is ____________________.

The process of taking air into and out from

the lungs is ____________________.

The ____________________ airways warm,

humidify, and filter air.

The ____________________ airways warm,

humidify, and filter air.

The ___________________ airways are

involvedwith humidifying the air to a relative

100% saturation.

The diffusion of O₂ from blood to the

tissue to support aerobic metabolism is

____________________ gas exchange.

Cellular ____________________ utilizes O₂

and produces CO₂ as a metabolic waste.

The diffusion of O₂ from air into blood

at the alveoli is part of ____________

gas exchange.

The presence of alveoli identifies the

beginning of ____________ airways.

The secondary function of the respiratory

system with the urinary system is __________.

The upper respiratory system consists of the

conducting airways all the way down to and

including the ____________________.

The bony structure of the external nose

includes the ____________________

and ____________________.

Both the nasal cartilage and the septal

cartilage are composed of __________

cartilage.

The bony structure of the nasal septum

includes the superiorly located

____________________ and the

inferiorly located _______________.

The lining of the nasal cavity is

___________________ epithelium.

The hard palate consists of the anteriorly

located ____________________ and

the posteriorly located ____________.

The three ____________createturbulence

while breathing through the nostrils.

The olfactory epithelium is associated

with the ____________________.

The nasolacrimal duct opens

underneath the _____________.

The four paranasal sinuses include

the ____________________,

____________________,

____________________, and

____________________.

The throat is subdivided into three regions

called the ____________________,

____________________, and

____________________.

The ____________________

and ____________________

of the throat have a lining of stratified

squamous epithelium because food and

liquid pass over their surface during swallowing.

The ____________________ of the throat

has a lining of pseudostratified columnar

epithelium and is not involved with

swallowing or the digestive process.

The auditory tube opens into the

___________________.

The ____________________ tonsils are

associated with the oropharynx and the

____________________ tonsils are

associated with the nasopharynx.

The voice box or _____________

begins the lower respiratory system.

The ____________________ cartilage

serves as a landmark for a tracheotomy.

The Adam’s apple is the more prominent

____________________ cartilage in males.

The __________________ is the cartilage

that covers the opening to the airway

during swallowing.

Movement of the _____________ cartilage

places tension on the _________ to change pitch.

The ____________________ folds do not

produce sound but help close the

glottis during swallowing.

____________________ refers to

inflammation of the voicebox.

The trachea has ____________________

shaped cartilage rings that open to the

posteriorly located __________

of the digestive system.

The trachea has a lining of ___________

epithelium and terminates at a prominent

cartilage called the_________________.

The ____________________ maneuver

helps expel inhaled objects causing a

person to choke.

The ____________________ maneuver

is a forced expiration against a closed glottis

and should not be practiced during defecation.

The bronchial tree has a decreased amount of

____________________ and an increased

amount of ____________________ as the

airways branch and become more numerous.

Histologically, the distinguishing feature between

a bronchus and a bronchiole is the presence of

_____________ and a ___________ epithelium.

The ____________________ bronchi

enter into the bronchopulmonary segment.

The ____________________ bronchi are

the first branches from the trachea.

The right lung has three _________ bronchi

and the left lung has two __________ bronchi.

The ____________________ bronchioles

enter the basic lung unit called a ________

and end the conducting airways.

The ____________________ bronchioles

have the presence of air sacs and serve as

the beginning of respiratory airways.

The ____________________ are the site

of gas exchange and they have a lining of

____________________ epithelium

formed by type I alveolar cells.

The type II alveolar cells secrete

___________ which lowers surface

tension.

The ____________________ are

phagocytic help prevent bronchitis from

developing into lung inflammation

called _____________.

Asthma is associated with histamine and

other inflammatory chemicals increasing

mucus secretion and __________ constriction.

The ability of the lung to deflate and

return to the resting volume is _______

and is diminished with emphysema.

__________ is the attractiveness of water

molecules to one another that can cause

collapse alveoli.

Premature infants often have infant respiratory

distress syndrome due to inadequate secretion

of ____________________.

The ability of the lung to inflate for a given

pressure difference is _____________

and is diminished with pulmonary fibrosis.

The main muscles for inspiration are the

___________ and the _____________.

Muscles facilitating inspiration include

the __________, ____________, and

_______________.

____________________ Law states that

pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

Inspiration during quiet breathing requires

a(n) ________ pressure around 2 mm Hg

lower than ________ pressure and depends

on muscle contraction.

Expiration during quiet breathing requires

a(n) _________ pressure around 2 mm Hg

higher than ____________________ pressure

and occurs during muscle relaxation.

Forceful expirations always require muscle

contraction and can develop a(n) _______

pressure20 mm Hg greater than ________

pressure.

Forceful expirations always require muscle

contraction and can develop a(n) ________

pressure 20 mm Hg greater than _________

pressure.

Active expiration involves muscle contraction

to deflate the lungs more rapidly or lower the

lung volume below ____________________.

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after

a maximum expiration is _______________.

The usual movement of air into and out

from the lungs is _________________.

The maximum amount of air moved in a single

breath is ___________ and only depends

on gender, height and age.

The ____________________ space is the

regionwithout alveoli and explains how dogs,

cats and even birds can pant without hyperventilating.

A restrictive disease like __________ or

__________ would decrease _________

but have a normal Force Expiratory Volume

in 1 sec (FEV1).

pulmonary fibrosis,

emphysemia,

vital capacity

An obstructive disease like _________

or ____________________ would have

a normal ____________________ but

have a decreased Force Expiratory Volume

in 1 sec (FEV1).

The actual flow of "new" air reaching

the alveoli is ____________________.

The main rhythmicity center for breathing is

in the VRG found in the brain stem region

called the ____________________.

The pontine respiratory center is in the

__________of the brainstem and modifies

the basic breathing pattern.

Chemoreceptors that affect breathing

are located in the ______________

where they are called central chemoreceptors

and in the ____________________ and

the ____________________ where they

are called peripheral chemoreceptors..

The ____________ chemoreceptors

are sensitive to P_CO2 and pH and the

__________ are also sensitive to low

P_O2 levels.

The ________ reflex increases breathing

when we move our joints during exercise.

The _________ reflex limits lung deflation

and the __________ reflex limits lung distension.

________ Law relates the air pressure

to the partial pressure of all the gases present.

_______ Law relates the amount of gas

dissolved in liquid as a function of the pressure,

solubility and temperature.

The gas in greatest amount within the

atmosphere is ________________.

The gas found in the least amount in the

atmosphere that is produced by aerobic

metabolism is ____________________.

The diffusion of gas from the alveoli to the

capillary depends on a difference in the

_________ pressure.

The blood gases O2 and CO2 are relatively

constant in systemic __________ blood but are

more variable in systemic ____________ blood.

Most oxygen is transported in blood bound

to the __________ portion of hemoglobin.

Each molecule of hemoglobin can transport

a maximum of ________ O2 in which case

it is called ____________________.

The amount of oxygen binding to hemoglobin

depends on the relationship between PO2 and

hemoglobin affinity called the ________ curve.

The hemoglobin affinity for oxygen decreases

with a(n) _________ CO2 or a(n) _____ pH.

The hemoglobin affinity for oxygen decreases

with a(n) ________________ temperature

Oxidized iron in the hemoglobin is called

_________ and does not bind O2.

__________ refers to carbon monoxide

binding to hemoglobin that prevents O2

transport.

________ anemia has a characteristic change

in the RBC shape with low oxygen.

Both ________ and ________ versions

of normalhemoglobin have a greater affinity

for O2 making less O2 available for delivery

to the tissue.

The formation of _________ from CO2

binding to non-heme sites is the cause for

the change in the affinity of hemoglobin for

O2 in the presence of CO2.

Most of the CO2 transported in systemic

venous blood is in the form of ________.

Around 10% of CO2 transport is dissolved

in the ________ of blood because CO2 is

much more soluble than O2.

The enzyme ________ assists in the

formation of carbonic acid.

The pressure in the ________ circulation

is less than the ___________ circulation

because the resistance is 1/10 as much.

Less filtration occurs in the pulmonary

capillaries than the systemic capillaries

which prevents pulmonary _________.

Blood vessels ________ in response to

decrease PO2 or increased PCO2 to help

match blood flow to lung ventilation.