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Retroperitoneal
+ nerve stuff
139
Real Estate & Planning
Not Applicable
09/21/2010

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Cards

Term
intra-peritoneal
what?
ex?
Definition
Stomach, First part of the duodenum [5 cm], jejunum, ileum, Cecum, appendix,
structures completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum


transverse colon, sigmoid colon, Rectum, Spleen, Uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries
Term
retroperitoneal (primary)
what
examples
Definition
structures that develop behind the peritoneum and stay there

kidneys, ureters, suprarenal glands, aorta, IVC, post wall o nerves, nerve plexuses
Term
retroperitoneal (secondary)
what?
ex?
Definition
structures who develop interperitoneally but end up fusing (partial/whole) to the posterior abdominal wall

3/4 duodenum, ascending/descending colon, pancreas
Term
kidneys
location (vert)
which one higher?
Definition
- lie on posterior aspect of abdominal wall, T12 - L3. Behind peritoneum

- upper kidney protected by two floating ribs

-right kidney lower than left. liver pushes it down (a few inches)
Term
layers of kidney
inside to outside
Definition
renal medulla
renal cortex
renal capsule (tough fibrous)
perinephric fat (or "perirenal fat")
renal fascia
paranephric fat (or "pararenal fat")

peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly).
Term
Hilum of kidney
points in what direction
what's there, what orientation?
Definition
points medially

renal artery/vein and renal pelvis

VEIN MOST ANTERIOR, THEN artery then pelvis
Term
quick kidney function run though
Definition

cortex (nephrons) - medulla, collecting duct pyramids - apex of pyramid/ renal papilla - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter

 

 

cortex has nephrons/tubules

medulla has collecting ducts (renal pyramids)

[image]

Term
when renal artery reaches hilum it branches into how many segments?
Definition
5 END ARTERIES

superior, anterosuperior, anteroinferior, inferior and posterio
Term
variation of renal arteries
why?
in what % of people
what should end up with
Definition
should have 1 renal artery/kidney.
they ascend from pelvis and continuously re-establish/lose blood supply as they go. failure of fetal blood supply to degenerate results in accessory vessels.
Term
hydronephrosis
what is
what caused
looks like?
Definition
distention/dilation of renal pelvis
caused by obstructed urine flow.

large bags in pelvis

can be caused by accessory renal artery that hardens/compresses the ureter
Term
three anatomical narrowing sites of ureter

what gets lodged?
Definition
urtero-pelvic junction (ureter - pelv)
mid ureter (where iliac art crosses)
utero-vesicle junction (ureter-bladd)

kidney stones (calculi)
Term
symptom of kidney stone
where?
Definition
severe pain in scrotum
in spinal cord segments that innervate T11-L2 lumbar to groin
Term
treatment of kidney stones
surgical? special precaution
another?
Definition
surgically enter posterior
lithotripsy (focused shockwave)
Term
Embryological development of kidney
-from where?
-what happens?
- from what embryonic layer?
- gland growth?
- what's fetal kidney look like?
Definition
from pelvis
ascend and rotate so ureters face medially
mesoderm
adrenal glands originally as big as kidney and shrink as kidney grows
fetal kid is lobulated
Term
fusion misformations
types (2)
Definition
horseshoe (fusing at pelvic brim)
sigmoid (S shaped)
Term
horseshoe kidney
-ascend until where?
-orientaton of ureters
Definition
until inferior mesenteric artery
anterior instead of medial
Term
vert location of IMA
Definition
L3
Term
vert location of SMA,
Definition
L1
Term
vert location of celiac trunk
Definition
T12
Term
vert location of aortic bifurcation
Definition
L4
Term
suprarenel/adrenal glands
-shape of left and right
surrounded by?
how regulate stress response
blood supply?
Definition
left: crescent right: pyramidal
perirenal fat
regulate by synthesis of catecholamines
BS:
superior suprarenal
middle suprarenal
inferior suprarenal
Term
suprarenal arteries
superior
middle
inferior

all from where?

venous drainage into what?
Definition
superior: inf. phrenic
middle: AA
inferior: renal artery

suprarenal vein
Term
Where does aorta pass behind diaphragm?
(aortic hiatus) where aorta pops out of diaphragm
Definition
T12
Term
arteries of posterior wall (5)
locations
from where?
Definition
inferior phrenic (A) (T12)
middle suprarenal (A) (L1)
renal arteries (L1) (opposite SMA)
testicular/overian (A) (L2)
Common iliac (L4/5)
Term
inferior phrenic supplies what?
Definition
inferior diaphragm, adrenal glands
Term
IVC
what side of aorta
enters diaphragm at what vert lvl
Definition
right of aorta
IVC hiatus at T8
Term
largest vein in body?
Definition
inferior vena cava
Term
does IVC have valves?
Definition
NO
Term
common iliac veins converge to form IVC at what vert lvl
Definition
L4/L5
Term
Right side veins drain to what vein?

Left side veins drain where?
Definition
Right to IVC

Left to Renal V
Term
what runs between aorta and SMA?
Definition
pancreas, left renal artery, 3rd part of duodenum
Term
issue that could arise with Left renal vein running under SMA?
other name forSMA
Definition
anatomical nutcracker

SMA gets pulled down by weight of intestines. could compress vein leading to varicoele in LEFT testicle.
testicular/ovarian vein drains into left renal vein
Term
why is left testicle more prone to varicoele than right?
Definition
right testicular v drains straight to IVC

left testicular v drains to L renal vein
Term
what forms superior border of abdominal cavity?
Definition
diaphragm
Term
diaphragm innervated what what two nerves?
Definition
phrenic
lower thoracic
Term
phrenic nerve responsible for what in diaphragm

what else does phrenic innervate??
Definition
motor and sensory

The PPPs (phram)
pericardium, pleura, peritoneal cavity
Term
lower thoracic nerve resposnsible for what in diaphragm?
Definition
sensory to periphery
Term
damage of either side of phrenic n. results in what?
Definition
HEMIDIAPHRAGM - paralysis of a side of diaphragm
Term
three parts of skeletal muscle of diaphragm
Definition
vertebral/lumber
costal
sternal
Term
Diaphragm vertebral skeletal muscle. attach where? by what?
Definition
L1-L3, by crura
Term
Diaphragm skeletal costal muscle
form what
attaches where?
Definition
form the domes
attach to ribs 6-12
Term
diaphragm skeletal sternal muscle
attaches where?
Definition
post xiphoid
Term
what joins aorta in aortic hiatus
where again?
Definition
T12. azygos, thoracic duct
Term
I eight 10 Eggs At 12, where the structures pop out of diaphragm
Definition
IVC T8
Esophagus T10
Aorta T12
Term
Afferent nerves
-also called?
-do what
-where are cell bodies
Definition
sensory neurons
carry impluses TOWARDS CNS
dorsal root ganglia
Afferent Arives
Efferent Exits
Term
Efferent neurons
-also called?
-do what
-where are cell bodies
Definition
motor neurons
carry signal AWAY from CNS
grey matter of spinal cord
Term
three paths of sympathetic efferent nerves...
Definition
preganglionic fibers exit ventral root, go through white rami into sympathetic trunk. Then..

1. synapse at same level with postganglionic neuron and exit thorugh grey rami and then posterior or anterior rami to target

2. synapse at different level though grey rami, then anti or post rami, to target

3. dont synapse with splanchnic n, and go synapse at a prevertebral ganglia ( a ganglion between sympathetic trunk and organ)
Term
preverterbral gangion
what?
examples
Definition
ganglion located between the sympathetic trunk and an organ.

celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia
Term
SAME DAVE

paths of somatic afferent/efferents
Definition
sensory afferent
motor efferent

dorsal afferent
ventral efferent
Term
summary of somatic nerve function
Definition

impulse carried by afferent neuron (sensory) -> dorsal root -> posterior horn -> interneuron -> efferent cell body in anterior (lateral) horn -> ventral root -> body

 

somatic efferent/afferent 1,2

[image]

Term
sympathetic summary
Definition

sensory impluse -> dorsal root -> spinal cord -> cell body of preganglionic neuron -> ventral root -> white rami -> sympathetic ganglion then, if heads straight to organ sympathetic ganglion -> gray rami -> anterior/posterior rami -> body

 

sympathetic efferent 3,4,5

[image]

Term
preganglionic cell bodies in lateral horns of spinal cord between what and what vert locations?
Definition
T1-L2
Term
somatic nerves to abdominal wall
Definition
Phrenic (C3-5)
-diaphragm

Lower thoracic nerves (T7-12)
intercostal nerves, rectus abdominus

Subcostal nerve (anti rami of T12)
EO and skin of anterolateral abd wall
- not lumbar plexus nerve
*palpate 12 rib to find
Term
cutaneous branches of lower thoracic nerves
Definition

CB around Xiphoid (T7)

CB around umbilicus (T10)

CB just above pubic bone T12

CB just above inguinal region (L1)

 

[image]

Term
sympathetic nerves/ structures
Definition
sympathetic trunk, greater/lesser/least splancnic
Term

parasympathetic nerves

origin of pre-parasympathetic neurons?

Definition

cranio-sacral:

cranial derived, come off spinal cord

in sacral region

 

vagus CNX, pelvic splancnic (S2-S4)

Term
lumbar plexus
Definition
[image]
Term
lumbar plexus
Definition
[image]
Term

iliohypgastric

ilioinguinal

 

vert location?

location?

finish where?

Definition

both L1, cross quadratus lumborum.

iliohypogastric superior to ilioinguinal

 end up as superficial nerves on abdominal wall

Term

genitofemoral

vert location?

location

what reflex a part of?

Definition

L1-L2

on top of Psoas muscle

 

both sensory/motor components

 

femoral part -> cutaneous over femoral triangle

genito part -> innervs cretmaster muscle

 

*part of cremaster reflex

Term

lateral femoral cutaneous

location, end point?

associated syndrome?

 

Definition

crosses across illiacus muscle, under inguinal ligament, ends on anterior lateral part of thigh (sensory)

 

myalgia parenthetica

-tight, low pants compress nerve causing parestheia over lateral anterior thigh

Term

femoral nerve

vet location?

location?

Definition

L2-L4

between illiacus and psoas muscles

Term

Obturator

vert location?

location

Definition

L2-L4

medial to psoas

Term

lumbosacral trunk

(lumbar plexus)

vert location

 

Definition

L4-L5

from spinal hole to pelvis

connects lumbar plexus to sacral plexus

Term

sympathetic thoracolumbar region

what (nerves)?

what through what?

includes what chains?

Definition

where preganglionic ganglia reside.

T1-L2

sympathetic, thoracic splanchnic, lumbar splanchnic

Term

autonomic aortic plexus

what means?

 

 

Definition

sympathetic/parasympathetic neurons running in it

ganglia = postganglionic sympathetic masses

 

 

[image]

 

Term

celiac plexus

components

also called

Definition

2 celiac ganglia, 1 superior mesenteric ganglion

solar plexus

Term

greater splanchnic nerves

path

Definition

from posterior thorax, through diaphragm

greater splan = preganglionic symathetic nerve heading to synpase at post ganglionic sympathetic neurons at celiac ganglion

Term

lesser/least splanchnic nerves

path

Definition
pierces diaphragm, go to other ganglia
Term
lumbar sympathetic chain
Definition

nerves coming off are pre-gangilionic sympathetic looking for post ganglionic neurons to synapse with

 

*post ganglionic nerves are those that actually cause reponses.

Term
[image]
Definition

intermediallateral cell column: where sympathetics cell bodies are located T1-L2

 

impluse from column heads to sympathetic ganglia and can do 1 of 4 things

-synapse to postganglionic neuron ->grey -> spinal nerve going out(venral primary ramus, in this case) to some muscle/organ

 

-move to superior ganglion in chain

- move to ganglion below

-synapase with postganglionic neuron in sympathetic gangion and move out into abdomen

-look for a more peripheral post ganglionic sympathetic neuron (eg. greater splanchnic to celiac ganglion) then to a target tissue by way of blood vessel

 

Term
what are post ganglionic fibers doing in a somatic nerve (ventral rami)?
Definition

use somatic nerves to get to where they wanna go

-control sweat, erector pilli muscles, smooth muscles - all sympathetically controlled

Term
[image]
Definition

blue structure = vagus nerve

 

preganglionic goes though plexus, does NOT synapse and goes straight to target tissue.

post ganglionic neurons inside the target tissue itself

(parasympaetheic)

post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers are very short,

preganglionic fibers are very long

Term

LENGTH

pre ganglionic sympathetic fibers

post ganglionic sympathetic fibers

Definition

pre: short

post: long

 

post are long becuase they dont lie in target tissue but in ganglionic masses

Term
what kinds of neurons run along SMA?
Definition

sympathetic

parasympathetic

sensory

Term
what kinds of neurons run along IMA?
Definition
sympathetic and sensory
Term
vagus nerve travels down what blood vessel?
Definition
SMA
Term
how much of gut is innervated by vagus parasympatheic fibers?
Definition

about 2/3rds of the transverse colon

 

Term

how does the rest of gut get innervated by parasympathetic neurons if vagus only goes 2/3rd of way down transverse colon?

 

 

Definition

pelvic splanchnic n

S2,3,4 keeps penis off the floo

 

 

Term

how does pelvic splanchnic run innervations along gut?

 

Definition

uses superior rectal artery to ascend then spreads to hind gut using other blood vessels of IMA, but not IMA itself

 

[image]

Term

general function of autonomic in GI track?

 

sympathetic

parasym

Definition

sympathetic: vaso constrictive of gut vessels

parasymp: gland secretion (muscous/digestive juices), peristalsis - digestive processes

Term

visceral afferents

where are cell bodies

Definition
Term

what provides sensory information to pareital peritoneum?

where would cell bodies be?

Definition

somatic nerves:

lower thoracic (CB at xiphoid T7, CB at umbilicus T10)

upper lumbar (CB atpubic bone T12, CB at inguinal region L1)

 

dorsal root ganglia

Term

visceral afferents

 

where are cell bodies?

 

involve what kind of receptors?

Definition

like somatic afferents, have cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

 

stretch (visceral stretch) receptors felt as referred pain, according to spinal cord level of sensory cell bodies)

 

 

Term
[image]
Definition
green: incomign afferent somatic sensory fibers, with cell bodies in dorsal root,
Term
[image]
Definition

visceral afferents (black)

 

comign from gut (eg. distended), through sympathetic ganglia -> white rami >spinal nerve >bodies in DRoot then do other stuff.

 

somatic/visceral afferents both enter at same place, through same root - REFERRED pain with afferents.

Term
comparison of neurons
Definition
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
Term

referred pain (due to stretch, distention, ischemia)

Hollow tube organs

where is pain referred for:

forgut (stomache - mid DD)

midgut (mid DD to 2/3 Tcolon)

hindgut

kind of pain?

 

solid organs?

Definition

along midline

forgut superior to umbilicus,

midgut at umbilicus

hind at lower abdomen

dull achey pain

 

solid organs usually will have pain over the organ itself

Term

when will visceral referred pain become localized?

 

 

Definition
when the organ irritates the parietal peritoneum (somatic)
Term

visceral pain is:

 

 

somatic pain is:

 

 

both can abe referred

Definition

dull, achy

poorly localized

 

the opposite

 

Term
lymph drainage of testes/scrot/abdomen
Definition

lymph usually follows vessels.

 

 

Term

cisterna chyli

what? where?

gets lymph from where

Definition

bag right behind diaphragm where aorta comes in. receives lymph from lower parts of body and drains to thoracic duct

 

 

form aortic lymphatic areas

preaorta - lie on top of aorta, drain intestines (particularly unpair arteries)

para-aortic/lumbar - drain deeper structures; two chains

 

from feet up

 

para aortic -> pre aortic - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct

Term
lymph from testes
Definition

development in abdominal cavity, lymph vessels and blood vessels form up there

 

different from kidney which looses/reestablishes blood supply as develops, the testes pull their blood supply down with them AND LYMPH DRAINAGE

 

so lymph goes up testicular vessels and wind up in lumbar/para-aortic lymph nodes

then

across intestinal nodes to cisternal chyli

Term
lymph from scrotum
Definition

scrotum is an outpocketing of anterior abdominal wall

 

lymph first to inguinal nodes (superficial inguinal nodes) then to deep ones > follow iliac vessels and end in lumbar/para aortic nodes

Term
when do major organ systems form in the embryo?
what is important about this period?
Definition
4-10 weeks, embryonic period.

also time in which embryo most susceptible to outside influences
Term
primitive gut

from what embryonic layer?
into how many layers does it branch, names?
how is it suspended?
Definition
endoderm, tube in a tube.

3 segments:
foregut: esophago - mid duodenum
midgut: mid duodenum - 2/3 Tcolon
hindgut: 1/3 Tcolon to 1/2 anus

suspended by ventral/dorsal mesentary
Term
Weeks 6-9
what major thing happens (digestive)
what main misformations could happen?
Definition
hollow primitive tube forms from folding/enlongating of embryo.

if endoderm fails to properly recanalize: stenosis, atresia, duplication
Term
esophageal atresia
what?
Definition
causes esophagus to end as a blind pouch. will usually attach to trachea distally
Term
what nerve flanks developing stomach?
Definition
vagus
Term
in formation of stomach curves, why is one bigger than other?
Definition
greater curvature resulted from the dorsal wall of stomach growing faster then the ventral wall. at this point in embryo, "greater curve" was posterior and "lesser curve" anterior
Term
after curves of stomach established what happens?
Definition
stomach rotates 90 degrees clockwise, forming a lesser sac (OMENTAL BURSA) posterior

now greater curve/dorsal side facing left
Term
after rotation what is orientation of vagus nerves?
Definition
left become anterior, right posterior

originally on right and left sides of hollow tube, tube distends dorsally then rotates. nerves left on their side of thinner tube just anterior and posterior
Term
which vagus nerve is anterior?
Definition
LEFT
Term
so, distenstion, rotation then what?
Definition
stomach pushed up, moving clockwise when taking a lateral view from left side (dorsal ventral axis) and given a backwards C shape

post natal orientation of duodenum /stomach attained

dorsal mesentary gets stretched as stomach moves forming greater omentum

ventral mesentary attached to developing liver now the lesser omentum
Term
greater omentum forms from what side of growing mesentary?
Definition
dorsal
Term
during stomach rotating/bending what is prone to atresia/stenosis?

artresia in this case mean?

major cause of stenosis
Definition
pyloric canal/sphincter

part of duodenum has no lumen and shut
tight.

hypertrophy of muscles in pyloric region
Term
what is epiploic foramen very close to
Definition
hilum of liver
Term
formation of midgut
begins as?
what happens next:
Definition
primary intestinal loop

due to lack of space, midgut gets forced to herniate through umbilicus into umbilical cord

as it does this it undergoes 90 degree counterclockwise rotation (looks like string twisted) around SMA (chillin in body but attached via branches)
Term
during week 10 when more space is made available in body cavity how does midgut get incorportated back into body?

which first, cecum, Tcolon, intestines?

TCOLOn in relation to SMA
Definition
180 degree counterclockwise rotation and RETRACTION

cecal bud acts as knot on rope and stays in umbilicus, allowing intestines to go first which go and get settled on the LEFT, then Tcolon then cecum

SMA posterior to Tcolon
Term
what happens once intestines are back in cavity?

last step in this development?
Definition
ascending colon elongates and pushes cecum/appendix down inferiorly to it's usual spot

ascending/descending colon's mesentaries fuse with posterior wall to become secondary retroperitoneal VIA MESOCOLON
Term
difference betweet:

LIGAMENT
MESO - (SOMETHING)
OMENTUM
Definition
LIGAMENT = no vessels

MESO = has vessels

OMENTUM = attaches organs
Term
Omphalocele
what?
how corrected?
Definition
when abdominal cavity too small is doesnt permit return of instestines from umbilicus.

place elastic tube over the omphalocele and gradually twist organs into place
Term
Meckle's diverticulum

2s!!!!!!
Definition
portion of yolk stalk that doesnt degenerate. hangs of ilieum.

-can become inflammed
-attached to umbilicus by a ligament.
- this ligament may be PATENT, some poop comes out umbilicus

2 in long, 2 ft from ileocecal junt, 2x more in males, 2% of pop
Term
left sided colon
results from?
Definition
failure of 180 degree rotation when returns to cavity. Large intestine on LEFT, small instestine on RIGHT
Term
reversed rotation
caused by?
what enters cavity first?
tcolon in relation to SMA

problem that could encounter?
Definition
when rotating 180 before coming back in cavity, intestines rotate clockwise instead of counterclockwise.

cecum/Tcolon enter first

SMA anterior to tcolon
-tcolon could get compressed by SMA/pinned under duodenem when attaches to posterior wall

tcolon could get
Term
in normal development
where is Tcolon, duodenum, small instestine, sma?
Definition
duodenum/small intestine posterior to Tcolon. SMA posterior to Tcolon
Term
subheptaic/fetal cecum
what is?
when becomes a problem?
Definition
ascending colon doesnt elongate and cecum remains undescended.

problem when appendicitis happens, mistaken for cholecystisis
Term
point fixation with volvulus
what is?
Definition
portion of intestine gets fixed to body wall while other portions are still mobile. twist upon themselves = volvulus

twisted portion can become ischemic
Term
% people with malformed midgut
Definition
.2%
Term
situs inversus
what?
results in?
Definition
reversal of all body organs!

left sided appendix
Term
formation of diaphragm what 4 structures must fuse?
Definition

pleuroperitoneal mem mesentary of esophagus thoracic wall covering septum transversum

 

[image]

Term

septum transversum (part of diaphram formation)

ends up becoming whaat of diaphram?

forms into what outside diaphragm?

Definition

in diaphragm: central tendon (attaches to xiphoid) houses the hiatus of IVC

 

outside diaphram: ventral mesentary of foregut (becomes lesser omentum)

Term
[image]
Definition

IVC in central tendon

esophageal hiatus

aortic hiatus (formed byt cruras)

Term
by what week is diaphram innervated by phrenic n?
Definition
4
Term
diaphragm descends to L1 by what week?
Definition
8
Term
malformations when structures do not fuse correctly to form diaphragm:
Definition
foramen of morgagni
Pleuroperitoneal mem abscense
esophageal hiatus
foramen of bochdalek
Term
esophageal hiatus hernia
Definition
caused by loose connection between esophagus/diaphragm which allows esophag/stomach to slip upwards - pushing esophageal sphincter upwards
Term

foramen of morgagni (hernia /sternal slip)

foramen of bochdalek (lumbocostal trigone)

 

 

Definition

[image]

 

morgagni: hernia close to sternum (anterior)

bochdalek: hernia at lumbar/costal trigone (poserior)

Term
pancreas development
Definition

[image]

 

 

develops from two buds:

dorsal and ventral (from liver bud)

 

grow more dorsal than ventral. dorsal then rotates towards posteriorly to join dorsal bud.

 

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