Definition: A figure of speech in which a part stands for a whole.

Example: “ Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears” (Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare).

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Definition: The deliberate use of an understatement.

Example:  The title of A Modest Proposal by Jonathon Swift

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Definition: the repetition of a word in two different senses.

Example: 

Act 5, scene 2

“Yet I’ll not shed her blood;

Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow,

And smooth as monumental alabaster.

Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men.

Put out the light, and then put out the light” (Othello by William Shakespeare).

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Definition: the use of words alike in sound but different in meaning. 

Example:  Act 1, scene 4

“Not I, believe me. You have dancing shoes, with nimble soles; I have a soul of lead"(Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare).

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Antimetabole

Definition: the repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse syntactic order. 

Example: Hate destroys a man's sense of values and his objectivity. It causes him to describe the beautiful as ugly and the ugly as beautiful, and to confuse the true with the false and the false with the true."
(Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., March on Washington)

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Definition: the repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause.  

Example:  
Act V Scene III

“My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,
And every tongue brings in a several tale,
And every tale condemns me for a villain” (Richard III by William Shakespeare).

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Definition: the repetition at the end of a clause the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause.

Example:

“The land was ours before we were the land's.
She was our land more than a hundred years
Before we were her people. She was ours
In Massachusetts, in Virginia,
But we were England's, still colonials,
Possessing what we still were unpossessed by,
Possessed by what we now no more possessed.
Something we were withholding made us weak
Until we found out that it was ourselves
We were withholding from our land of living,
And forthwith found salvation in surrender.
Such as we were we gave ourselves outright
(The deed of gift was many deeds of war)
To the land vaguely realizing westward,
But still unstoried, artless, unenhanced,
Such as she was, such as she would become.” (The Gift Outright by Robert Frost).

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