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RLST214
study_guide
117
Other
Undergraduate 4
05/22/2008

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Term
Durkheim's definition of "religion"
Definition
1. community or Church
2. unified system of beliefs and rites
3. division of the sacred and profane 
Term
Hagar & Ishmael
Definition
Hagar + Abraham = Ishmael (Arabs)
Term
Sarah & Isaac
Definition
Sarah + Abraham = Isaac (Jews)
Term
Willhelm Schmidt
Definition
German philosopher
montotheism -> branch to all religions
viewpoint accepted by most Muslims 
Term
pre-Islamic Arabia
Definition
ca. 600 C.E.
Allah creates -> god/goddeses have functions
no concept of afterlife and prophethood
Tribes -> Clans (led by Shaykh)
caravans raided one another 
Term
Jahilyya
Definition
pre-Islamic Arabia
Muslim perspective: era of barbarism & ignorance 
Term
Asabiyya
Definition
"us"-ness
tribal protection 
Term
Shaykh
Definition
leader of tribe (among equals)
usually, older men 
Term
Allah
Definition
Arabic: God
Term
Ka'ba
Definition
cubical structure in Mecca
site of pilgrimmage 
Term
Quraysh
Definition
main tribe of Mecca
Muhammad belongs to Banu Hashim clan 
Term
Sira
Definition
biography of Muhammad (narrative)
not accepted by all 
Term
Muhammad
Definition
570 CE,year of the elephant
last prophet of Islam
revelation in Cave of Hira 
Term
Abu Talib
Definition
protects Muhammad
fathers Alli
does not convert 
Term
Khadija
Definition
first wife of Muhammad
has monogamous marriage with Muhammad 
Term
Year of Sadness
Definition
Ta'if stoning
Abu Talib dies (lose protection)
Khadija dies 
Term
Hanifs
Definition
oppose many gods in Mecca
has Muhammad as member 
Term
Quran
Definition
word of God
1. Tawhid - affirming one-ness of God
2. Prophethood - prophets with Muhammad as final
3. Afterlife - consequences for actions 
Term
Abu Bakr
Definition
Sunni: best friend of Muhammad
2nd Caliphate: faced lots of internal strife 
Term
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Definition
first Imam
fourth Caliphate
Muhammad's cousin
marries to Fatima (Muhammad's daughter) 
Term
Sumayya
Definition
female
first martyr of Islam 
Term
Bilal
Definition
former slave
black Muslim who gives adhan on Ka'ba 
Term
hijra to Abyssinia
Definition
Muslims travel to Abyssinia
first Hijra
Christian King grants amnesty
Meccans try to stop King (fail) 
Term
Umar ibn al-Khattab
Definition
second Caliph
tough vs. Bakr (soft)
conquers lots of the empire
Abyssinian Empire + some of Byzantine 
Term
Abu Lahab
Definition
father of flames or fire
other uncle, does not give protection (shock)
condemned in Qu'ran
why Muhammad seeks protection in Mecca
not clear if that is his real name 
Term
Night Journey
Definition
Muhammad travels to Jerusalem
encounters God
Muslim sources: pray five times daily 
Term
Hajira to Yathrib
Definition
yathrib becomes Medina
beginning of Muslim calendar
Muhammad goes on Hijra
Muslims in Abyssinia stay there 
Term
Umma
Definition
community of all religions established in Medina
Muslim community (today)
Arabic for community 
Term
Covenant of Medina
Definition
Medinans support one another
Transcend religion 
Term
Aisha
Definition
one Muhammad's wives
daughter of Abu Bakr
battle against Ali "Battle of Camel"
Hadith scholar 
Term
Qibla
Definition
direction you face
used to face jersalem
18 months after 2nd Hijra: face Medina 
Term
Battle of Badr
Definition
Win against Mecca
Had farmboys on their side 
Term
battle of Uhud
Definition
initially, Medinans were winning
told people on Mt. Uhud to stay
people abandoned position to collect spoils
people were sandwiched, then slaughtered 
Term
Battle of Ditch
Definition
Medinans build ditch around city
stave off against siege 
Term
Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy
Definition
leader of hypocrites
plan coup
involved in "affair of the lie": Aisha cheating 
Term
Treaty of Hudaybiyya
Definition
1. No fighting for 10 years
2. Muslim pilgrimage the following year
3. Free agency (new alliances)
4. Treaty of Return
 
Treaty of Return
-Muslims can leave Mecca
-Muslims can't leave Medina
-refers only to men (trick)
-authority of Muhammad challenged
-Muhammad washes head and people follow 
Term
Year of Delegation
Definition
occurs 9AH
people all over Arabia
occurs after conquest of Mecca
second phase conversion 
Term
Farwell Hajj
Definition
11 year after Hijra
valley of Uranah
last sermon before death
Term
Ghadir Khumm
Definition
event where Muhammad supports Ali
"loyal to Ali is loyal to me"
Shiite: clearest signs that Ali should be Caliph
Term
Mushaf
Definition
written form of Qu'ran
Term
Sura
Definition
chapters of Qu'ran
114 
Term
Meccan Sura
Definition
poetic, brief, little legal briefs
Term
Medinan Sura
Definition
prosaic, long, lots legal injunctions
Term
General Style: Qu'ran
Definition
repetitive and non-linear
bits and pieces of stories
idea that things are lost in translation 
Term
Shahada
Definition
declaration of faith
usually stated during prayers
I bear witness that there is no god except for God (Allah), and Muhammad is the messenger of God.
Term
Iman
Definition
belief in God, search for truth
Term
Kufr
Definition
unbelief, active resistance, cover up
Term
People of the Book
Definition
jews and christians
recieve divine revelations
misguided through alterations 
Term
Tafsir
Definition
exegesis, commentary on Qu'ran
Term
Occassions of Revelations
Definition
social context during Muhammad's revelations
Term
Shi'ite
Definition
places religious integrity on Imam
Imam from Muhammad's household 
Term
Sunni
Definition
religious integrityon community (or community of scholars)
Term
Musaylama the Liar
Definition
false prophet toward end of Muhammad's life
confronted by Abu Bakr 
Term
Ridda Wars
Definition
Muslims in Medina don't want to pay Zakah
war fought during Abu Bakr's Caliphate 
Term
Zakah
Definition
alms tax toward poor, Muslims expected to pay
Term
Jizya
Definition
defense tax for Muslim protection
overall, generally lower than Zakah 
Term
Uthman ibn Affan
Definition
Meccan aristocracy
standardized a copy of Qu'ran
last six years: shower Meccan aristocracy w/ gifts 
assassination by a convert
chaos occurs in Medina 
Term
Caliph
Definition
legitimate political rule
preserve religious system 
Term
Imam
Definition
Shiite: religious leader -> infallible
legitimate rule
may/may not have authoritarian power 
Term
1st Fitna
Definition
Aisha fights Ali (Battle of Camel)
-Alli should go after assassins of Uthman
-Alli defeats Aisha, spares Aisha
 
Mu'awiya fights Ali (Battle of Siffin)
-wants to avenge relative and be Caliph
-puts Qu'ran on swords to signal defeat
-have peace talks, war ended
-as result, Kharijites assassinate Ali 
Term
Umayyad Dynasty
Definition
Fifth Caliph 
Mu'awiya takes over from Ali
moves capital to Damascus, Syria
appoints son Yazid as new Caliph
begins Umayyad Dynasty
 
Characteristics
-arab aristocracy, orign. Quraysh
-conquers huge tract
-Mawali: took "Arab-ness" seriously
-differs from region to region
 
(5th righteous? Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz) 
 
Pact of Umar
-made w/ Christians in Byzantine
-dress certain way, no Church bells
-written after Umar 
Term
al-Hasan
Definition
son of Ali and Fatima
run for Caliphate
peace agreement to not have Caliphate
second Imam 
Term
al-Husayn
Definition
al-Hasan's brother
runs for Caliphate
starts 2nd Fitna at Karbala
-not get support, Umayyad victory
-slaughtered by Umayyads
-Ashura: day of mourning for Shiites
-Note: Sunnis fast too in memorance of Passover 
 
Term
Abbasid Revolution
Definition
-Umayyad's seen as anti-Shiite and anti-nonArab
-Abbasid's employ opponents of Umayyads
-takeover all Umayyad's empire, except Spain
-Umayyad prince escapes to Spain 
Term
Sultan
Definition
- person w/ brute power (authority and legal)
- need Caliph or Imam for legitimacy 
Term
Al-Andalus
Definition
Muslim Spain + Portugal
1492: Reconquista, Christian Spain drive out Muslims 
Term
Madrasa
Definition
school, religious school
Term
Sharia
Definition
Islamic law
ideal: law as God would want 
Term
Fiqh
Definition
Muslim jurisprudence
human attempt for Sharia 
Term
Madhhab
Definition
School of Fiqh -> regional schools
Term
Sunna
Definition
how Muhammad understands Shari'a
Hadith - acts, disapprovals, and tacit approvals (al-Shafi'i)
Amal - customary practices in Medina (Malik) 
Term
Isnad
Definition
chain of narration for Hadiths
Term
Matn
Definition
actual narration in Hadiths
Term
Mutawatir
Definition
congruent and diffuse Isnad
Qu'ran is considered most Mutawatir 
Term
Bukhari
Definition
has most popular/reliable coll. of Hadiths for most Muslims
Term
Al-Shafi'i
Definition
founded a school of thought
goes w/ Hadiths for Sunni
Bukhari writes a century after Al-Shafi 
Term
Malik
Definition
founded a school of thought
goes w/ Amals for focus 
Term
Ijma
Definition
unanimous concensus
tool of Islamic law
agree to disagree: results in respect for all 
Term
Qiyas
Definition
use analogy
Term
Taqlid
Definition
follow precedence of past
Term
Ijtihad
Definition
exert effort to get new rulings
have no precedence 
Term
Fatwa
Definition
non-binding, legitimizing legal opinion
Term
Objectives of Shari'a
Definition
protection of faith
life
posterity
reason
property 
Term
rationalists
Definition
follow reason inspired by greek thought
Term
Cosmological Argument
Definition
God is uncaused causer
God causes everything
hesitant to have God existing in space/time 
Term
Mu'tazilites
Definition
first school of Islamic theology
rationalist
five principles
- justice
- monotheism
- station btwn. two stations
- divine threat and promise
- command good/ forbid evil 
Term
Kalam
Definition
speculative theology
Term
Mihna Inquisition
Definition
established by Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun
"was Qur'an created or uncreated"
if said "uncreated" -> person would be punished 
Term
Traditionalism
Definition
not Greek inspired reason
believed Qur'an word by word
no metaphors 
Term
Asharites & Maturidites
Definition
use Greek inspired thought to arrive at Traditionalist philosophy
differ on anthromorphism 
Term
Salvation
Definition
differ by sources
al-Ghazali: sincere go to heaven
Ibn al-Arabi: hell eternal, people may still go to heaven after realize sin (still vieled from God)
Traditionalist: hell as purgatory
Modernist: salvation for sincere & hell as purgatory 
Term
Al-Kindi
Definition
Islamic philosophy not bound by Qur'an
God has willed universe;will is sempiternal
 
spread by al-Farabi and Ibn Sina 
al-Farabi: world is sempiternal
Ibn Sina: no accidents, Qu'ran is one part of path 
Term
Al Ghazali
Definition
Incoherence of the Philosphers
1. world is not sempiternal
2. God knows particulars
3. bodily resurrection
 
(Traditionalist view) 
Term
Ibn Rushd
Definition
Incoherence of the Incoherence
Qur'an encourage philosophy of common person
deny causality -> deny knowledge 
Term
Ahl al-Bayt
Definition
household of Muhammad
Term
Ahmad ibn Hanbal
Definition
stood up against the Mihna inquisition
Term
Zaydis
Definition
5ers
Imam, not divinely appointed
Imam, best leader of Muhammad household
active pursuit of justice, oppose pacifist
Yemen 
Term
Ismailis
Definition
7ers
century of Shiite rule
Fatima Caliphate
Maghreb, Jerusalem, Medina, Mecca
 
3 Caliphs (Egypt, Spain, Imam)
Imam is divine emanation from God (Aga Khan)
Infallibale Imam
Aga Khan (prominent Ismaili) 
Term
Al-Hakim & Druze
Definition
Druze believe al-Hakim is prophet
al-Hakim is said to have been crazy
based in Lebanon 
Term
Aga Khan
Definition
leader of most Ismailis
49th Imam 
Term
Lesser Occultation
Definition
Hasan al-Askari (11) persecuted by Abbasids
Muhammad al-Muhammud (12) is hidden
four messengers speak about him (260-329) 
 
Term
Major Occultation
Definition
four prophets die
await for coming of 12th Imam
still in hiding
329 AH to present
revelation is called Mahdi 
Term
Sufi
Definition
practices sufism
practice of self-purification 
Term
Velat - e
Definition
Persian orijin 
authority of jurists (religious scholars)
represents in absence of Imam
collective represents hidden Imam
Term
Hasan al-Basr
Definition
Ascetics: live a simple life devoted to God
not complete separation from material life
must help fellow man
station btwn two stations 
Term
Fana
Definition
elimination of ego
Term
Suhraward
Definition
God is light of lights
uncaused causer idea 
Term
Rummi
Definition
sufi mysticism
encorporates Qur'an into poems 
Term
Ibn al-Arabi
Definition
one-ness of existence
become one with God 
Term
ibn Taymiyyah
Definition
argue against points:
1. pantheism - many gods
2. esoterocism - inaccessible knowledge
3. antinomianism - disregard of rules necessary for salvation
Term
Tariqah
Definition
Sufi Order
Shaykh gets power from Silsila 
Term
Silsila
Definition
chain that gives legitimacy
power comes from Wali (saint)
traces back to Muhammad 
Term
Al-Hallaj
Definition
I am "the truth"
executed for political reasons
executions is very Christ like 
Term
Haqiqa
Definition
truth and reality
more than Shariya 
Term
Adhan
Definition
call to prayer
Term
Islamic Holidays
Definition
Ramadan: 9th month, when Qu'ran was revealed
Eid al-Fitr: follow Ramadan, break fasting
Eid al-Adha: slaughter goat, Abraham's slaughter
Friday: mini holiday 
Term
Hajj
Definition
between days 9 and 12 of Islamic month Dhul-Hijja
last month of year
able-bodied Muslims 
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