Term
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Definition
Triphosphate linkage that is added to the 5' end of RNA prior to leaving the template-polymerase complex
Protects the RNA from degradation in the cell
Required for mRNA translation |
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Term
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Definition
Allows for the production of more proteins than we have genes
Splicing which occurs during processing when not all of the introns are removed from the sequence
Four Types:
-Alternative 5' splice-site selection
-Alternative 3' splice-site selection
-exon inclusion or skippin-most common
-intron retention |
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Term
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Definition
Join tRNAs to amino acid
specific to each amino acid
Require energy |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 base region oon tRNA which is used to pair with the codon on mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
Adenine Residue on Pre-mRNA
Initiates cleavage by the nucleophilic attack of the 2' OH on the phosphodiester bond
Thus binding the 5' G to the 2'OH of the branch point A.
Forms Lariat Intermediate
Known as a transesterification Reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Sequence of 3 adjacent bases which code for a protein on mRNA
Start codon=AUG
There are also codons which don't code for a protein but instead are stop codons |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that there are multiple codons for most of the amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
An enzyme which hydrolyzes a phosphodiester bond within a nuucleic acid
very specific |
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Term
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Definition
An enzyme which cleaves the last phosphodiester bond at either the 3' or the 5' end of a nucleic acid
unspecifice |
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Term
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Definition
Set of all possible three-base codons
61 codons form amino acids
3 stop codons
64 possible combinations |
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Term
| Initiation Factor (eIF4F) |
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Definition
Used during translation to Help the small ribosomal subunit find the methyl cap and the first AUG sequence
Also binds the small subunit so that it can get to the end of mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The intervening sequences found in pre-mRNA that are noncoding sequences some of which are removed during splicing |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein coding sequences that are found in mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
Sites where ribosome binds the tRNA
P site- binding site for the peptide
A site- binding site for the amino acid
initial selection of tRNA occurs at the A site depending on the match between its anticodon and the mRNA codon, it then proceeds to the P site and then the exit site |
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Term
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Definition
Binds the polyA tail to the 3' end of the mRNA
Also binds to the eIF4F and stabalizes the complex bound to the 5' end of the mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
Found in the ribosome
used to form peptide bonds between amino acids
Inhibited by cycloheximide |
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Term
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Definition
after cleave it is added to the 3' end of mRNA by polyadenylation
Protects mRNA from degradation
Necessary for translation
Helps mRNA exit the nucleus and travel through the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
Found near the 3' end prior to the AG and near the branch point
Pyrimidine rich region (C's and U's)
Binds to U2AF |
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Term
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Definition
Determined by the first AUG
All codons are read in group of 3 consecutively |
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Term
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Definition
Site of protein formation/ translation
Promotes the Catalys of peoptide bond formation
Prokaryotes-70s=(30s+50s)
Eukaryotes-80s=(60s+40s) |
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Term
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Definition
Found in mRNA of Bacteria
Cis-acting element
located next to the correct AUG
Binds to the 16s rRNA molecule to position the ribosome at the correct start position for translation
The sequence is specific to each mRNA so the more base pairs between the SD sequence and the rRNA the more frequently it will undergo translation |
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Term
| Small Nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) |
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Definition
Contained within the spicesome
U1, U2, U4, U5, U6
They are bound by proteins and they bind with the 5' exon-intron junction and the branch point to bring them in close proximity
therefore locating cis-acting elements
U1 and U2- recognize branch point and junction and U2AF recruits U4, U5,U6 |
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Term
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Definition
Catalyzes splicing
Must bring the branch point and exon-intron junctions into close proximity using snRNAs
Promotes 2 transesterification reactions
Contains snRNAs and snRNPs |
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Term
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Definition
Determines the reading frame for the translation of mRNA to proteins in the ribosome
indicated by AUG
Amino Acid = methionine |
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Term
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Definition
| Tells ribosome where to stop translation of mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The free OH attacks the phosphodiester bond in order to splice the Pre-mRNA to form mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing the third nucleotide in a codon often times will not change the amino acid and therefore it is considered a wobble base |
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Term
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Definition
| rRNA prior to cleavage into separate rRNA subunits |
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Term
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Definition
rRNA after cleavage
Eukaryotic- 18s, 28s, 5.8s
Prokaryotic- 16s, 23s, 5s |
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