Apollo

Veii, Italy

Etruscan

520-500 BC

• Etruscan statuary is along the roofline of temples
• Made from terra cotta
• Dynamic, shown in motion
• Archaic smile

Sarcophagus

Cerveteri, Italy

Etruscan

520 BC

• Man and woman reclining and eating together, demonstrates the relative equality of women
• Originally shown holding egg, evidence for Etruscan belief in the afterlife

Portrait of a Roman Patrician

Otricoli, Italy

Republic

75-50 BC

• Veristic portrait bust
• Demonstrates gravitas, important aspect of Roman ethos

Rites of Bacchus, Villa of the Mysteries

Pompeii, Italy

Empire

60-50 BC

• Depicting an initiation rite for a mystery cult
• Dado- faux marble base
• Dynamic and expressive, similar to Hellenistic art

Statue of Augustus

Primaporta, Italy

Empire

20 BC

• First emperor
• Form of propaganda, argues for role as leader (gesture), commander in chief (breastplate), and descent from Venus (cupid)

Pont du Gard

Nimes, France

Empire

16 BC

• Bridge and acqueduct
• Demonstrates superiority of Roman engineering and infrustructure, transported water from 30 miles away
• Architecture of space, not mass

Ara Pacis

Rome, Italy

Empire

13-9 BC

• Senate had it built to honor Augustus
• Relief carvings demonstrating Roman ethos: veristic portraits in procession demonstrate the importance of family
• Other side is allegorical, with the central figure being Peace, Tallis, or Demeter and representing abundance

Colosseum

Rome, Italy

Empire

70-80 AD

• Called the Colosseum because it originally housed the Colossus, a statue of Niro
• Built by Vespasian as a people pleaser
• Careful, pragmatic design (could empty in 15 minutes, got seats for life, dumb waiters)
• Built with barrel vaulting
• 4 different kinds of columns, rhythmic

Arch of Titus

Rome, Italy

Empire

81 AD

• 1st triumphal arch, served no pragmatic purpose
• Relief sculptures of the destruction of the temples of Solomon and David in Jerusalem

Column of Trajan

Rome, Italy

Empire

112 AD

• Trajan was a military emperor
• Celebrate his conquest of the Dacians
• Ribbon relief sculpture detailing events of conquest spiraling up the column 
• Located at top end of forum 

Pantheon

Rome, Italy

Empire

118-125 AD

• Illusion of gazing into the heavens, aided by bronze coffering
• Perfectly proportioned (142 feet in diameter, 142 feet tall)
• Left intact by invading forces

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

Rome, Italy

Empire

175 AD

• Only bronze equestrian statue of an emperor to survive because he was thought to be Constantine
• Philosopher status indicated by hair and beard
• Commanding gesture

The Tetrarchs

Venice, Italy

Empire

305 AD

• Represent 4 different emperors in place after division by Diocletian into east and west (Augustus and Caesar for each) 
• Abstract because made out of hard stone (porphyry) and meant to be symbolic, not versitic
• Suggests extreme anxiety

Arch of Constantine

Rome, Italy

Empire

315-330 AD

• Last Roman triumphal arch
• Commented on reunification of empire under Constantine
• Roundels are not original, were removed from other monuments

Portrait of Constantine

Rome, Italy

Empire

315-330 AD

• Idealized, god-like expressio of authority
• Located in apse of basillica 

Aula Palatina (basillica)

Trier, Germany

Empire

Early 4th century

• Basillica as prototype for church (i.e. apse becomes altar)

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

Rome, Italy

Empire

359 AD

• Made for prefect of Rome, a Christian convert
• Full length coffin because Christians do not believe in cremation
• Depicts stories from the old and new testaments, typology
• Transitional piece, depicts Christ standing on the sky god

Christ as the Good Shepard

Ravenna, Italy

Post Empire

425 AD

• Located where the capital of the Empire was moved after invasion
• Transitional piece because depth, modeling, Jesus resembles Apollo and is wearing golden robes
• Depicts both aspects of Jesus (lamb and shepard) 

Hagia Sophia

Architects= Anthemius and Isidorus

Istanbul, Turkey

Byzantine

532-537 AD

• Built to embody the principal that God is light
• Architects were former mathematicians
• Rests on pedentives
• 1st (shallower) dome collapsed in 558 AD

Emperor Justinian/ Empress Theodora

Church of San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy

Byzantine

547 AD

• Argues for the function of Byzantine theocracy as participants in the eucharist
• Theodora is holding wine (transubstantiated into blood of Christ), Justinian is holding bread (Christ's body)
• Status established by stepping on feet of those who are less important
• Golden sky, flattened figures, floating, elongated bodies, flipper feet
• Each branch of government represented