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Tribune of the Plebs, 133
Land reform, enacting lex xempronia agraria, giving conquered territory to the state
Re-enforced previous legislation, limiting amount of private land to 500 iugera per person
Redistributed public land to homeless and poor
Senatorial opposition results in political violence and his death |
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| Was on the board for Gracchan legislation with Gaius Gracchus and the latter's father-in-law |
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Member of First Triumvirate (with Caesar and Pompey)
Richest man in Rome, apart from Pompey
Financially supported some junior politicians, including Caesar
Defeated Spartacus
Political/Military rivalry with Pompey
Killed in an attempt to expand the empire past Syria |
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Tribune who opposed T. Gracchus
Impelled by the Senate to oppose Gracchan legislation; demanded changes to reforms
Tiberius arbitrarily removed him from power, which leads to charges of unconstitutional behavior |
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Consul, 133
During his consulship, T. Gracchus was killed by senatorial opposition; refused to act for either side |
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Pontifex maximux, 133
Led a small senatorial posse against T. Gracchus
They kill Gracchus and his party
This was the recorded act of political violence in Roman history; Nasica was Gracchus' cousin.
He justified his action by claiming that Gracchus wanted to make himself a king. |
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Opponent of Gracchan Reforms; demanded changes
Also known as Africanus the Younger; He defeated Carthage in III Punic War; completely destroyed the city. |
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Consul, 125
Ally of Gaius Gracchus
Proposed legislation granting citizenship to Italians, which was rejected
Killed with Gracchus in a protest for suffrage rights to Latin/Italian socii |
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Brother to T. Gracchus
Continued brother's efforts
Sought support from rural poor and equites (who were marginalized in lex reddendorum equorum)
Wanted to avenge brother's death
Wanted to ban deposed magistrates from future office (aimed at M. Octavius)
Grain law (cheap grain for poor)
Political power to equites |
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Tribune, 123
Pro-Senatorial tribune
"Outbids" Gracchus in support of urban poor
Vetoes Italian enfranchisement
Doubles size of Senate
Makes extortion courts a split between equites and Senators |
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Praetor under Marius
Helped pass legislation for M's veterans
Runs for consulship; Saturninus has his rival killed
Marius and his men hunt him down |
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Tribune under Marius
Helped pass legislation for M's veterans
Killed Glaucia's rival for consulship
Marius hunts him down |
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Son of G. Gracchus' opponent
Proposes Italian enfranchisement bill
Assassinated for doing so, leading to Social War
Key player in tensions between equites and senators |
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Consul, 87
Tried to reintroduce Italian enfranchisement; Octavius drives him out of Rome; joins Marius, and they both march on Rome.
Dictator from 86-84 ruled moderately and had support of much of the Senate while Sulla fought Mithridates in the east
Settled the citizenship question--censors to register.
He was killed by mutinous soldiers. |
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Passed law on secret ballot
Cinna’s successor as the sole consul- battle of Colline gate
Carbo’s forces were smashed |
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A novus homo who was elected consul in his year in 63 BC (the first year possible;) famous orator
He gave a series of powerful orations against Catiline during the Catiline plot while consul in the Senate.
He later supported Octavian after Caesar’s death because of his deep hatred for Antony on whom he had written a series of nasty orations called the “Philippics”
M. Antony put him on the proscriptions. |
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| Elected consul with Julius Caesar in 59. It was joked that this year was the consulship of Julius and Caesar because he got nothing accomplished, except for declaring every day nefas. |
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Elected as tribune of the plebs in 58
Caesar supported him
Uncontrollable; involved in the Bona Dea scandal in Caesar’s home with his wife Pompeia. |
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| killed Clodius which made Pompey “sole consul” |
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Caesar’s right-hand man, Master of Horse, and co-consul
He gave Caesar’s eulogy perhaps in order to establish himself as Caesar’s political heir
2nd Triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus
Defeated Brutus and Cassius
Affair with Cleopatra, estrangement from Octavian
Defeated at Actium, 31 BC |
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Member of the 2nd Triumvirate and was by far the least influential and active of the three.
He opposes the reforms and burial of Sulla.
Chased out by Pompey |
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Brother of Mark Antony
Rebelled against Octavian along with Antony's wife Fulvia
Octavian besieges them and starves them into surrender. |
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Grandnephew of Caesar, who was adopted as Caesar's son in his will (Later became Augustus Caesar)
Member of 2nd Triumvirate
He and Antony avenged Caesar's death; fought Brutus at Philippi
Used his name (Caesar) to gain influence, popularity
Defeated Mark Antony at Actium
Established himself as Augustus Caesar, the Emperor of Rome. |
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Novus Homo, from an equestrian family
Marius rose quickly due to military service under Scipio Aemilianus and Metellan patronage by which he becomes tribune in 119 BC
Gained prestige in Jugurthine Wars
Established a professional army
Populares
Rival to Sulla |
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Rival to Marius; staunch optimate
After command of the Mithridatic War is transfered to Marius; Sulla decides to march on Rome; this triggers the First Civil War.
Long-term dictator; proscriptions against Marius, followers, populares
Severely limited tribunal rights. |
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| The stern and brilliant general whom everyone hated and respected at the same time; people cheered when he died. Father of Pompeius Magnus. |
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| He was elected tribune of the plebs and soon after passed some bold legislation, admitting the new Italian voters into all 35 tribes, recalling all exiles, imposing strict anti-bribery laws for Senators, and placing Marius in charge of the Mithridatic Wars. |
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Pompey the Great
1st Triumvirate with Crassus and Caesar
Served with his father Strabo; won victories for Sulla
Gained prominence in campaigns against pirates. Pompey founded colonies, annexed Syria, settled Judaea, and laid the foundation of subsequent Roman organization of the East.
Formed alliance with Caesar and Crassus against Cato the Younger, a common enemy
Turned against Caesar later; civil war with Caesar; defeated at Pharsalus and fled to Egypt, where the Ptolemians killed him. |
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From an ancient patrician family
Caesar had a strong populares background; Marius had married his aunt Julia;
Caesar argued for mercy to Catilinarian conspirators
Formed coalition with Pompey and Crassus against Cato the Younger to be elected consul; That done, he starts a military campaign in Gaul, returns in triumph
Defeated Pompey at Pharsalus and becomes dictator for life in Rome; reforms
Assassinated by Brutus and Cassius in 44 AD
Adopted Octavian (Augustus) as his son |
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Optimate; He helped to expose L. Vettius and was quaestor 54. Elected tribune 50 as an enemy of Caesar , he was bribed by Caesar with a vast sum, perhaps when his own ambitious legislation was rejected by the senate. He tried to halt the drift towards civil war, proposing to disarm both Caesar and Pompey .
In 49 Curio served under Caesar in Italy (incidentally trying to win over Cicero ), then was sent pro praetore to Sicily, which he occupied, and to Africa. There, after initial successes, he was trapped and killed by Juba |
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Served under Caesar in Gaul, but still took part in the conspiracy with Brutus and Cassius;
Fled to his province in Gaul, faced off against Mark Antony
Octavian came to his rescue; in the battle, both consuls were killed; Senate declares him in charge, but the two armies dissent and go to Octavian instead.
Later his army abandoned him, and he was killed by a Gallic chieftain. |
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Pompey's son; after Pompey's death, Sextus campaigned against Caesar and Octavian with his brothers in Spain.
In summer 44 M. Aemilius Lepidus (3) arranged a settlement between him and the senate, under the terms of which he left Spain; but instead of returning to Rome, he waited on events in Massalia with his army and fleet.
Eventually defeated by Octavian and put to death. |
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| A Roman general and close advisor of Octavian. He put down the Perusian war (the war put up by Fulvia and Lucius Antonius on behalf of Antony). However, when Antony returned from the East with large forces to confront Octavian, Salvidienus offered to desert to Antony. When Antony and Octavian made an agreement (the pact of Brundisium) Antony told Octavian of this and Salvidienus was either executed or committed suicide. |
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| One of Octavian's best generals; was present at Antony's defeat at Actium |
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Cornelia
(Mother of Gracchi) |
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| Persuaded Gaius Gracchus against his motions aimed at M. Octavius |
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| Willed his kingdom to Rome upon his death and this wealth was sought after by the Gracchi to use in order to fund their reforms |
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| Infamous leader in Numidia in a war against Rome. After Marius took over the war he sent Sulla to Mauretania in order to weaken support of Iugurtha there. Instead Sulla negotiated for the capture of Iugurtha and recieved a lot of recognition and glory from this endeavor which overshadowed Marius’ invoking Marius’ jealousy. |
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| Rome's most dangerous enemy in the 1st century BC; Fought Sulla, Lucullus, and Pompey; Took advantage of Roman civil wars to invade Cappadocia, Bithynia, Asia, and Greece; he massacred Romans and Italians |
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Cornelia
(Cinna's daughter) |
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| Was arranged to be wed to Caesar. Sulla demanded that he divorce her in 81 BC but he refused, and so was stripped from the office of flammen dialis. |
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First gained a reputation as an orator and jurist before beginning a military career.
His first campaign was in the battle of Arausio in which he showed unusual valor. He then served under Marius (whom he later turned against).
He was the cause of the Sertorian War in which the Luisitanians in Spain offered him the position as their general and fought against Rome. He was hailed as the “new Hannibal” and a number of Romans defected to his side. After 6 years of fighting with some success he was assassinated and Pompey came in shortly after and ended the war in Rome’s favor. |
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| Sulla's freedmen; his clients, who did whatever he wanted; citizens of Rome were terrified of them. |
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| standard bearer for Sullan oligarchy. he lost in 63 BC in a landslide in the election for Pontifex Maximus by Caesar. |
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| standard bearer for Sullan oligarchy; In the Third Mithridatic War (in 66 BC) he is eclipsed by Pompey. |
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Famed orator of the time
Defended Verres in his trial; but Cicero proved to be so good at oration, and presented so much incriminating evidence, that Hortensius gave up. |
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| Leader of the gladiator uprising ; Crassus offered to send troops (on his own dime) to go take care of the threat. He went and beat Spartacus and his men, but was only awarded an ovation, rather than the triumph which Pompey received. |
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From an old patrician family, which hadn't had prominence for a long time.
He ran for various positions in Rome, but was generally defeated by some other young punk (such as by Cicero for the consulship in 63 BC).
Organized a conspiracy to overthrow the government in his favor, but the conspiracy was exposed by Cicero. Catiline fled Rome and died in battle. |
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Corrupt former governor of Sicily under Sulla
Brought to trial for his corruption, and he recruited Hortensius to defend him; but Cicero presented too much evidence against him. |
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| Mother of Brutus; was involved in Catilinarian conspiracy |
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Staunch optimate and stoic; opponent to Caesar
n the famous case of the Catiline conspirators he argued against Iulius Caesar (who was arguing against capital punishment) and protested that they should be put to death in order to deter treason.
After the Catiline conspiracy Cato turned his attention to work against the first triumvirate. When Caesar took power and pursued him and Metullus Scipio, Cato took his his life at Utica preferring to die rather than live in a world ruled by Caesar. |
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Caesar's second wife; he divorced her after the Bona Dea incident. The ceremony (girls only) was held at Caesar's house, but Clodius crashed the festival in drag and tried to seduce her.
"Caesar's wife must be without reproach." |
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| German king who terrorized the Gauls; some Gallic tribes asked Ceasar for assistance against him. |
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| Gallic chieftain; put up a fight against Caesar, but was defeated. Caesar admired his bravery. |
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Julia
(Caesar's daughter) |
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| The daughter of Julius Caesar, who he married off to Pompey to form an alliance. Julia's untimely death in childbirth lost Caesar this alliance; they were estranged shortly afterwards. |
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| Greeks whom Antony sought numerous campaigns against. |
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| Republicans; led the conspiracy against Caesar, but fled Rome when they realized that they would have no support there. Fought against Octavian and Antony from the East, and finally were defeated at Philippi in 42 BC. |
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| Mistress of one of the Catilinarian conspirators. She was Cicero's principle informant. |
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| Once of Octavian's supporters; controlled Rome in Octavian's absence. Octavian's cultural adminstrator. |
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| Octavian's sister, who was married to Mark Antony as part of the political alliance; intensely loyal to Antony, even though he had a long affair with Cleopatra, but Antony eventually divorced her. This being a great insult to Octavia and her brother, Octavian soon declared war against Cleopatra and Antony. |
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| Married to Livia Drusilla whom he divorced and gave to Octavian. Ancestor of 3 emperors; his son was the Emperor Tiberius, and his grandson through Drusus was the Emperor Claudius. |
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| Originally T. Claudius Nero's wife, but they divorced so she could marry Octavian; she was Octavian's primary advisor. |
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Julia
(Octavian's daughter) |
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| Daughter of Augustus Caesar through his first wife, who he divorced in order to marry Livia; Augustus used her for numerous political alliances, including Tiberius, but when her adulteries became apparent, Caesar exiled her. |
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| Queen of Egypt, claimed to have a son with Caesar. Was also involved with Antony; he killed himself when he heard that she died, it turned out not to be true, so he travelled to her and died in her presence. She later committed suicide. |
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