Term
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Definition
| ___ is when a cell becomes smaller to survive. It may be due to decreased use / blood supply / nutrition or hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is when a cell becomes larger in response to demand. It may be due to increased workload or hormones. |
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Definition
| ___ is when cells increase in number. This may be due to hormones or growth factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is controlled while ___ is uncontrolled proliferation of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is when a cell is replaced by another type of cell... caused by environmental stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the loss of a cell's ability to carry on sufficient aerobic oxidative respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the most common cause of cell injury and death. |
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Term
| 1. Too little oxygen in the blood or 2. Hemoglobin problems |
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Definition
| What are the two ways that hypoxia occurs? |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the loss of arterial blood flow. This is the most common cause of hypoxia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occlusion of arteries, occlusion of veins and shunting of arterial blood are local factors that cause ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of the heart to pump enough blood (congestive heart failure) is the most common systemic cause of ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ are unstable compounds with unpaired electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ionizing radiation, inflammation, CCl4 and acetaminophen are all examples of ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ causes chemical injury by preventing oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to ___ cause cell death and malignant transformation. This is the main site for cell damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the first site of reversible injury. |
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Term
| edema; It reflects damage to water transport |
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Definition
| ___ is the first observable change of reversible injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Reversible/Irreversible) is when a cell switches to anaerobic metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is when phaagocytic vacuoles fuse with lysosome in PMN / macrophage. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is when an autophagic vacuole surrounds damaged organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ contain undigested often pigmented particles. AKA "Wear and tear" pigment of cell. |
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Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| Barbiturates stimulate proliferation of ___ in hepatocytes. This helps the liver metabolize the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ defects affect locomotion of cell/organelle. Microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin and myosin are examples. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ ___ reflects damage to lipid transport and is caused by increased FFA synthesis, decreased FA oxidation, lipoproteins, alcoholism, malnutrition, diabetes and obesity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon is the most common ___ pigmentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are macrophages in a bruise that are endogenous pigments that accumulate intracellularly in response to cell injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is when enzymes from the cell itself digest cell contents. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is when enzymes from arriving inflammatory cells digest the cell contents. |
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Term
pyknosis => shrinks (caused by clumping chromosomes, "pick a clump of boogers out of your nose")
karyorrhexis => fragments (karyon = nucleus, rhexis = rupture)
karyolysis = dissolves (karyone = nucleus, lysis = breakdown/dissolve)
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Definition
| ___ is when the nucleus shrinks. ___ is when the nucleus fragments. ___ is when the nucleus dissolves. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ___ necrosis, the outline of cell is preserved for days. A heart attack is a classic example. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ____ necrosis, the cell is dissolved by enzymes. Infiltration of PMNs and dead cell components may lead to an abscess. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ necrosis is a combination of coagulation and liquifactive necrosis. It forms a white, cheesy appearance with granulomas. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are cells surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ___ ___ necrosis, lipases digest fat cells. Triglycerides released from cell binds with calcium to form soaps. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the formation of soaps, as in enzymatic fat necrosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ pathologic calcification occurs in areas of long-term necrosis and in atherosclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ pathologic calcification occurs when hypercalcemia causes calcium deposits in normal tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ inflammation is an early and immediate response to injury. |
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Term
| rubor, dolor, calor, tumor |
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Definition
| ___ = redness, __ = pain, ___ = heat, ___ = swelling |
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Term
| vascular and early cellular |
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Definition
| Acute inflammation has a ___ stage and a ___ stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ___ stage of acute inflammation includes vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation which then leads to a slowing of circulation. |
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Term
| vasoconstriction, vasodilation, plasma |
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Definition
| In the vascular stage of acute inflammation, ___ lasts seconds and is followed by ____ when blood flow increases and endothelial cells contract. Circulation then slows and ___ exits vessels into tissues causing swelling. Blood cells concentrate in dilated vessels and slow down (stasis). |
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Term
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Definition
| The ___ stage of acute inflammation includes margination and pavementing. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is when white blood cells move to periphery of vessels as flow slows in the early cellular stage of acute inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is when white blood cells line the blood vessels around the edges in the early cellular stage of acute inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| T/F: White cells adhere to endothelial cells before they squeeze through openings and move into the tissues in acute inflammation. |
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Term
| Complement (C5A) and arachidonic acid metabolites (especially leukotriene B4) |
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are considered "smelly stuff" that mediate chemotaxis wherein white cells follow chemical gradient to site of injury ("Sniff their way") |
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Term
| osponins (especially IgG and C3b) |
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Definition
| ___ mediate phagocytosis in acute inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are opsonins that mediate phagocytosis. |
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Term
| Visible results = pale initially --> redness due to hyperemia --> tissue edema due to exudate. |
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Definition
| Explain the triple response of Lewis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are the main cell type and 1st to arrive. ___ may also be present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defects in ___ function lead to impaired immunity by affecting chemotaxis, phagocytosis and degranulation. |
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Term
| chemotaxis or phagocytosis |
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Definition
| Defects in ____ or ____ may present as diabetes mellitus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defects in ___ may present as chronic granulomatous disease --> poor oxygen formation / susceptible to catalase(+) bacteria (staph) / severe periodontal disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are catalase (+) bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ contains fluids, immunoglobulins and WBCs. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ exudate is a watery fluid with low molecular weight characteristic of milder injury. Ex: burn blister |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ exudate is characteristic of severe injury that occurs in areas of greater vascular permeability. It contains fibrin which is a high molecular weight protein. Ex: pericarditis in rheumatic fever |
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Term
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Definition
| A blister is an example of ___ exudate. Pericarditis in rheumatic fever is an example of ___ exudate. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ exudate is also known as suppuration and contains WBCs / necrotic debris / bacteria. Ex: abscess |
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Term
| sanguinous (sang means blood) |
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Definition
| ___ exudate contains blood. Ex: traumatic blood blister |
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Term
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Definition
| Abscess is an example of ___ exudate. Traumatic blood blister is an example of ____ exudate. |
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Term
| chemical mediators that cause acute and chronic inflammation |
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Definition
| Vasoactive amines, plasma proteases, arachidonic acid metabolites and cytokines are ___ ___ that cause acute and chronic inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Histamine and serotonin are ___ ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the principle mediator (vasoactive amine) of immediate response. It causes dilation of arterioles --> increased vascular permeability. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ (5HT) is a vasoactive amine stored in platelets that is released when platelets aggregate. It has a questionable effect in human inflammatory process. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ and ___ are plasma proteases. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is a plasma protease that causes arteriole dilation, increased vasc permeability of venules and smooth muscle contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complement in the ___ pathway are activated by antibody/antigen complex. In the ___ pathway they are activated by bacterial endotoxins. |
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Term
| C3a and C5a (anaphylotoxins) |
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are complements that cause histamine release. This causes vasodilation and vascular permeability. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are anaphylotoxins that cause vasodilation and vascular permeability. |
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Term
| C5a ("stick" has 5 letters) |
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Definition
| ___ is a complement that causes PMNs to stick to endothelium and helps with chemotaxis. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ opsonin attaches to bacterial walls then the C5-8 MAC lyses cell membranes. |
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Term
| phospholipases / steroids |
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Definition
| Arachidonic acid metabolites are released from cell membranes by ____. They are inhibited by ____ and deal with cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. |
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Term
| cycloxygenase pathway inhibited by NSAIDs |
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Definition
| ___ pathway produces prostaglandins / thromboxanes. It is inhibited by ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ / ___ and ___ are arachidonic acid metabolites in the cycloxygenase pathway that cause vasodilation and edema. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is an arachidonic acid metabolite in the cycloxygenase pathway that cause vasoconstriction and increased platelet aggregation. |
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Term
| lipoxygenase pathway --> leukotrienes, LTB4 (chemotaxis/neutrophil comes B4 vasoconstriction/bronchospasm/increased permeability), LTC4 / LTD4 / LTE4 |
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Definition
| ___ pathway produces leukotrienes. ___ causes chemotaxis / neutrophil aggregation. ___ / ___ / ___ causes vasoconstriction / bronchospasm / increased permeability. |
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