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Sacred Spaces, Divine Imagery
Final exam Study guide
57
Art History
Undergraduate 1
10/13/2010

Additional Art History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Jali
Definition
pierced stone screen
Term
Chahr Bagh
Definition
Four-part/quadripartite garden
Term
Hasht Bihisht
Definition
("Eight Paradises") A building with a radially symmetrical plan with eight parts surrounding a central chamber that is almost always domed
Term
Iwan
Definition
recessed arch/vaulted chamber walled on three sides and open on the fourth
Term
Chattri
Definition
domed roof of kiosk carried on columns/pillars
Term
Cenotaph
Definition
(empty tombs) above-ground grave marker
Term
Pietra Dura
Definition
("hard stone") decorative technique in which hard and rare stones such as lapis lazuli, onyx, jasper, topaz, carnelian and agate were inlaid or embedded in marble, and then polished to create a flush surface
Term
Chihranami
Definition
Painting faces
Term
Dado
Definition
lower part of a wall
Term
Cusped Arched
Definition
hallmark of later Mughal architectural decoration
Term
Gopura
Definition
towered gateway, temple tower
Term
Bengal School
Definition
an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the academic art styles that had been promoted in India, both by Indian artists like Ravi Varma and by the British-run art schools
Term
Pata-Chitra
Definition
Scroll Painting
Term
Timurid Architecture of Central Asia
Definition

Gur-i Amir

Shah-i Zinda

 

baked brick with ceramic tile covering

domes: usually double shell with tall ribbed "melon" shape on narrow drum

massive scale

emphasis on the exterior

 


Term

The entranceway to the tomb is capped by framing arch or pishtaq

PISHTAQ- framing arch (earlier architecture of the Eastern Islamic lands but frequently used in the Timurid period)

The tomb proper is the octagonal structure.

It was originally preceded by an entrance portal with two minarets. The minarets have now been lost.


Decoration consists of carefully planned and cut glazed tiles forming a tile mosaic.
Melon-shaped ribbed dome that sits on a tall, narrow drum.
The dome is covered in glazed tile and glazed brick in a variety of geometric and calligraphic designs.

[image]

Definition

Gur-i Amir (Tomb of the Lord) Samarqand, 1404



Term

Babur

[image]

Definition

Founder of Mughal Dynasty

Baburnama

Patron of the book

Term

Humayun

[image]

Definition

lost control of his empire and was driven into exhile

Went to the Safavids for his exhile and came back with Persian painters

Safavid Dynasty

Patron of the arts

Term

Akbar

[image]

Definition

Patron of the book

Synthesis of Islam and Hindu culture, administrative reforms and intellectual/religious interests

  • abolished the force to convert to Islam
  • abolished discriminatory laws against non-Muslims
  • Religious syncretism
    • Din-i Ilahi (faith/religion-of Divine)- Akbar's founded religion


Term

Hasht-Bihisht - Domed Tomb repeated through history (stands on plinth in the center of a garden divided by waterways: Chahr Bagh

[image]

Definition

Tomb of Humayun, Delhi, 1562-72

Hasht-Bihisht - Domed Tomb repeated through history (stands on plinth in the center of a garden divided by waterways: Chahr Bagh

 

Term

Tomb of Salim Chisti (Sufi Saint) - made of white marble, snake like corbels, porch separated by Jalis, Cenotaph in separate room (jalis)

Panch Mahal - Royal living quarters, Courtyard (game board), no walls, 5 stories, red sandstone, chattri like top, pleasure pavillion, brightly colored textile (cutains) instead of walls

Garden in women's area, chahar Bagh,

Jodh Bai Palace - Main living residence of wives, (Zanana)

Anup Talao- 'Peerless Pool', square, 4 bridges

Akbar's Imperial Sleeping Quarters- simple, elaborate carved roof

Diwan-i Khass- Private audience hall, 2 story, modest, trabeate, closer to hind design (corbels chattris 2nd story outer walkway), Pillar (hindu) richly carved

Nothing like it in Mughal Architecturre

Din-i Ilahi - Akbar's faith, divine faith

[image]

Definition

Fatehpur Sikri

 (1571-1586)

Tomb of Salim Chisti (Sufi Saint) - made of white marble, snake like corbels, porch separated by Jalis, Cenotaph in separate room (jalis)

Panch Mahal - Royal living quarters, Courtyard (game board), no walls, 5 stories, red sandstone, chattri like top, pleasure pavillion, brightly colored textile (cutains) instead of walls

Garden in women's area, chahar Bagh,

Jodh Bai Palace - Main living residence of wives, (Zanana)

Anup Talao- 'Peerless Pool', square, 4 bridges

Akbar's Imperial Sleeping Quarters- simple, elaborate carved roof

Diwan-i Khass- Private audience hall, 2 story, modest, trabeate, closer to hind design (corbels chattris 2nd story outer walkway), Pillar (hindu) richly carved

 

Nothing like it in Mughal Architecturre

 

Din-i Ilahi - Akbar's faith, divine faith

Term

Jahangir

[image]

Definition

original name: Salim, after Sufi Saint

Patron of the Arts, Books, and Architecture

Not a good ruler, economic power falls to the British with his permission

Husband of Nur Jahan

Term

Nur Jahan

[image]

Definition

Patron of Architecture

Wife of Jahangir

"Trend setter"

Ran administration for husband

Term

Chahr Bagh(usually for canopy tombs, but this one is not!), 4 gates, 5 stories, red sandstone, tall arches, chattris, roofless (white marble) terrance w/ jalis, trabeate tomb - not typical muslim construction in Indo-Islamic structure

cenotaph - highly decorated, geometric and floral on floors= pietra dura

Main gate is trabeate, 4 white marble minarets

Secular, Imperial, and Hindu palace construction

[image]

Definition

Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra 1605-13

Chahr Bagh(usually for canopy tombs, but this one is not!), 4 gates, 5 stories, red sandstone, tall arches, chattris, roofless (white marble) terrance w/ jalis, trabeate tomb - not typical muslim construction in Indo-Islamic structure

cenotaph - highly decorated, geometric and floral on floors= pietra dura

Main gate is trabeate, 4 white marble minarets

Secular, Imperial, and Hindu palace construction

Term

Proto-Taj Mahal or Baby Taj

white marble, stands in chahr Bagh garden, sandstone plinth and inlaid marble, guest house for visitors, pierced stone jalis, depiction of ceramic pottery (imitation of persian and chinese decoration), like Hasht Bahisht w/ minaret like columns with chattri like elements

Precious jems inlaid into screens like Carnelian

[image]

Definition

Tomb of I‘timad al-Dawla (Mirza Ghiyath Beg), Agra 1622-28

Proto-Taj Mahal or Baby Taj

white marble, stands in chahr Bagh garden, sandstone plinth and inlaid marble, guest house for visitors, pierced stone jalis, depiction of ceramic pottery (imitation of persian and chinese decoration), like Hasht Bahisht w/ minaret like columns with chattri like elements

Precious jems inlaid into screens like Carnelian

Term
Allegorical Portrait
Definition

painting that a is a representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms


telling a story

Term

Shah Jahan

[image]

Definition

1628-58

Patron of architecture

The period of his reign was the golden age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the legendary Taj Mahal at Agra built as a tomb for his wife Empress Mumtaz Mahal

Term

influence of European design motifs and techniques and later Mughal art/architecture.

conception as an earthly paradise

Built for Shah Jahan's wife

Tomb, Mosque, Guesthouse

White marble canopy tomb

Inscriptions from Qu'ran

Dado(es)- A wall structure: flowering plant design - herbals(book). Decorated panels of inlaid decoration.

8 paradises: Hasht Bihisht

Cenotaphes surrounded by Jalis screen

[image]

Definition

Taj Mahal, Agra 1631-47

influence of European design motifs and techniques on the Taj Mahal and later Mughal art/architecture.conception as an earthly paradise

Built for Shah Jahan's wife

Tomb, Mosque, Guesthouse

White marble canopy tomb

Inscriptions from Qu'ran

Dado(es)- A wall structure: flowering plant design - herbals(book). Decorated panels of inlaid decoration.

8 paradises: Hasht Bihisht

Cenotaphes surrounded by Jalis screen

Term

Allegorical, ornate, idealized

Conveys message other than the liteal

Putto- cupid like creature, angelic babies, cherubs

Inscription is a wish to live forever

self-portrait of artist holding a self-portrait of him bowing (Red Hat)

James of England the first

Sultan(?) Noble/ Generic figure

Sufi Shaykh: Mystic saint

[image]

Definition

Bichitr,Jahangir preferring a Sufi shaykh to kings
1615-18

Allegorical, ornate, idealized

Conveys message other than the liteal

Putto- cupid like creature, angelic babies, cherubs

Inscription is a wish to live forever

self-portrait of artist holding a self-portrait of him bowing (Red Hat)

James of England the first

Sultan(?) Noble/ Generic figure

Sufi Shaykh: Mystic saint

Term
Vijayanagara Dynasty
Definition

1336-1565

Capital city: Vijayanager, Southern India

Defeated Mughals in 1565

Kingdom of Hanuman

Term

New focus on precious materials

In the shape of a gourd w/ lotus flower foot

The handle is a European style goat (Naturalism increase)

Gourd (eastern Islam)

[image]

Definition

Shah Jahan’s nephrite wine cup, 1657-58

New focus on precious materials

In the shape of a gourd w/ lotus flower foot

The handle is a European style goat (Naturalism increase)

Gourd (eastern Islam)

Term

lion man avatar of Vishnu

Yoga band added to legs after restoration

[image]

Definition

Narasimha monolith, Vijayanagara, 1528

lion man avatar of Vishnu

Yoga band added to legs after restoration

Term

dedicated to Krishna

Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound

[image][image]

Definition

Vitthala Temple, Vijayanagara, first half of 16th century

dedicated to Krishna

Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound

 

Term

faces the temple, Vitthala

Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound

[image]

Definition

Garuda chariot  (ratha), Vijayanagara

faces the temple, Vitthala

Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound

Term

Hanuman's kingdom on Earth

4 ornate columns: carved of dark volcanic stone (Basalt): pedastle would have held statues

Reliefs on exterior: Narrative: Royal Scene= king sits beside wife/consot flanked by attendants all under conpoy/porch

Baby Krishna is represented in reliefs

[image]

Definition

Ramachandra Temple (Hazara Rama, "One Thousand Ramas"), Vijayanagara, ea. 15th century

Hanuman's kingdom on Earth

4 ornate columns: carved of dark volcanic stone (Basalt): pedastle would have held statues

Reliefs on exterior: Narrative: Royal Scene= king sits beside wife/consot flanked by attendants all under conpoy/porch

Baby Krishna is represented in reliefs

Term
Nayak Dynasty
Definition

1529-1736

Nyaka(s) = Governor

Fled Vijayanagara to Madurai (capital)

Term
Hindu Rajput Kingdoms
Definition

Devote Hindus

Rajput= "Son of Kings"

Art style transfers from Mughal court because of artists losing their jobs and traveling to Rajput Kingdoms.

Term

Nayak Dynasty

turned capital into Temple city (walled compound w/ large water tank)

Shaivite (southern India) - primary deity: Shiva

Legendary/Local queen and wife of Shiva (Parvati)

3 gateway towers: Gopuran (4th added for symmetry)

12 Gopuran total

Finial series- decorative projecting element

Barrel vault at the top

Usually stone/ but covered in Stucco (Gouch)

All decoration is Stucco (making it lighter)

[image]

Definition

Minakshi-Sundareshvara Temple Complex, Madurai

Nayak Dynasty

turned capital into Temple city (walled compound w/ large water tank)

Shaivite (southern India) - primary deity: Shiva

Minakshi (fish-eyed born with 3 breasts but lost one when meeting/fighting Shiva)

Legendary/Local queen and wife of Shiva (Parvati)

Sundareshvara: Beautiful lord: Shiva (another name)


3 gateway towers: Gopuran (4th added for symmetry)

12 Gopuran total

Finial series- decorative projecting element

Barrel vault at the top

Usually stone/ but covered in Stucco (Gouch)

All decoration is Stucco (making it lighter)

Every 12 years it is painted and rededicated to Shiva

Term
Jain painting styles vs. Rajput Painting Styles
Definition

Jain painting-

  • bulging 2nd eye
  • conceptual style with linear and 2D forms
  • standardized/stereotypical compositions
  • strong contour lines and outlines
  • bold, but limited palette
  • brightly colored backgrounds
  • flatly applied colors

Rajput painting similarities-

  • flat paint
  • limited palette, but bright
  • strong lines...

 

Term
Characteristics of early Rajput/'Chaurapanchashika Style Painting
Definition
  • Hoizontal format
  • opaque water-based paints
  • little to no text
  • bright and contrasting colors
  • flat paint
  • limited palette
  • bright palette
  • strong lines
Term
Rajasthani School of Rajput Painting
Definition

Devote Hindus

Mughal Influence= Halo around head (Akbar and Jahangir)/ Costume is also Mughal

Architecture and landscape (setting) is Rajput style

Term

Rajasthani:

Mewar (Udaipur Kingdom) School

raga = the classical Indian musical mode
ragini =‘wife’

[image]

Definition

Ragamala Painting, Mewar, c.1605

Rajasthani:

Mewar (Udaipur Kingdom) School

raga = the classical Indian musical mode
ragini =‘wife’

 

Term

Ramayana Maharana Jagat Singh I

 

Definition

Hanuman flying through the air From a Ramayana, Mewar, 1649-1653

like akbar's hamzanama

Rajasthani style

brightly colored

crowded composition

Hanuman is central figure w/ mountain top

Term
Pahari School of Rajput Painting
Definition

Punjab Hills, Himachal Pradesh

17th - 18th centuries

Devote Hindus

  • bright colors
  • figures emerge from picture plan
  • softer colors
  • more subtle
Term
Nihal Chand, Krishna and Radha in a garden, etc.
Definition

Artist: Nihal Chand

Kishangarh, mid-18th century

Krishna and Radha in garden with gopis in a boat

New attention to setting and landscape

Rajasthani Style

 

Term

Basohli, Pahari School/Style

verses to go with painting - ...

many different configurations of Devi= the great goddess

Shakti- the devine feminine

Bhadrakali- fortunate side of Kali

  • Destroyer of the Universe - dancing like Shiva
  • Varahi - like Shiva, she is a boar and like Durga, she rides a tiger.

 

[image]

Definition

Tantric Devi series ca. 1660-70

Basohli, Pahari School/Style

verses to go with painting - Tantric Worship

many different configurations of Devi= the great goddess

Shakti- the devine feminine

Bhadrakali- fortunate side of Kali

  • Destroyer of the Universe - dancing like Shiva
  • Varahi - like Shiva, she is a boar and like Durga, she rides a tiger.
Term

Kangra late 18th century[image]

Definition

Radha being persuaded by her handmaiden from Gita Govinda series, Kangra, late 18th century or early 19th century

 

Term
Impact of the British Raj on Indian art/architecture
Definition

British merchants arrive and take over market/economy.

Company painting:

  • like a postcard
  • very westernized
  • European styles and techniques
  • very realistic
  • recordings of the appearance of native people, and monuments used by British

Indo-Saracenic/Indo-Gothic Architecture.

Painting disappears as photography in introduced.

Term
Characteristics of Indo-Saracenic, Indo-Gothic architecture
Definition
  • Bulbous Domes (Islamic)
  • Overhanging Eaves (Hindu)
  • Projecting Brackets (Hindu)
  • Pointed arched, cusped arches, or lobed arches (Indo-Islamic)
  • Vaulted roofs
  • Chattris
  • Minarets
Term
Sawdeshi Movement
Definition

Sawdeshi = "of our own country"

as defined by Mahatma Gandhi, is "that spirit in us which requires us to serve our immediate neighbors before others, and to use things produced in our neighborhood in preference to those more remote. So doing, we serve humanity to the best of our capacity. We cannot serve humanity by neglecting our neighbors."

Term

1878-87

Trabeate structure

Mughal: White marble, nice sized garden

similar to the Taj Mahal

[image]

Definition

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus or Victoria Terminus, Mumbai(Bombay), 1878-87

Trabeate structure

Mughal: White marble, nice sized garden

similar to the Taj Mahal

Term

Bengal School

Abanindranath Tagore, (Mother India), ca. 1905

Female personification of India

Four hands hold:

  • sacred text
  • sheath of foliage
  • cloth
  • rosery beads

There are lotus flowers, and she stands on a globe (like Jahangir)

There is a halo around her head (like Mughal art)

[image]

Definition

Bengal School

Abanindranath Tagore, Bharat Mata(Mother India), ca. 1905

Female personification of India

Four hands hold:

  • sacred text
  • sheath of foliage
  • cloth
  • rosery beads

There are lotus flowers, and she stands on a globe (like Jahangir)

There is a halo around her head (like Mughal art)

Term

Amrita Sher-Gil

[image]

Definition

post-impressionist style (very western)

similar to miniature painting in Mughal dynasty

Influenced by Gauguin for self portraits

moves away from academic art

Vibrant, primary, basic colors (Rajput)

 

Term

Jamini Roy

[image]

Definition

1887-1972

Indian Folkart

Pata-Chitra (scroll painting)

kalighat painting: done rapidly, mass produced

Began mass producing with apprentices

 

Term

M.F. Husein

[image]

Definition

Maqbool Fida Husein, 1915

Modern/Contemporary Art

 

Term

functioned as a tomb complex of the Timurid period. It’s more like a cemetery full of mausolea than a single tomb complex.
series of small mausolea arranged along an alleyway
“the living king”
The entrance to the complex lies at the top of the stairs.
The tombs are simple domed cubes or canopy-type tombs.
The tombs have many different types of tilework.
Some were carved and glazed in turquoise or cobalt blue with white for contrast.
Others were made into tile mosaics that form geometric interlace patterns.
The domes may be either ribbed or plain, but usually covered in glazed tile and with drums decorated in glazed brick.

[image]

Definition

Shah-i Zinda, Samarqand, 11th -15th century

The Shah-i Zinda functioned as a tomb complex of the Timurid period. It’s more like a cemetery full of mausolea than a single tomb complex.
series of small mausolea arranged along an alleyway
Shah-i Zinda - “the living king”
Samarqand, 11th -15th century
The entrance to the complex lies at the top of the stairs.
The tombs are simple domed cubes or canopy-type tombs.
The tombs have many different types of tilework.
Some were carved and glazed in turquoise or cobalt blue with white for contrast.
Others were made into tile mosaics that form geometric interlace patterns.
The domes may be either ribbed or plain, but usually covered in glazed tile and with drums decorated in glazed brick.

Term

History of his rein
Abu'l Fazl- court scribe, wrote the akbarnama
double page illustration
Atmospheric perspective - European style
[image]

Definition

Akbar's Adventures with the Elephant Hawa-i, Akbarnama
History of his rein
Abu'l Fazl- court scribe, wrote the akbarnama
double page illustration
Atmospheric perspective - European style

Term
[image][image][image][image]
Definition
Diwan-i Khass

Panch Mahal

Jodha Bai Palace

Tomb of Salim Christi
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