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Four-part/quadripartite garden |
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("Eight Paradises") A building with a radially symmetrical plan with eight parts surrounding a central chamber that is almost always domed |
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recessed arch/vaulted chamber walled on three sides and open on the fourth |
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domed roof of kiosk carried on columns/pillars |
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(empty tombs) above-ground grave marker |
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("hard stone") decorative technique in which hard and rare stones such as lapis lazuli, onyx, jasper, topaz, carnelian and agate were inlaid or embedded in marble, and then polished to create a flush surface |
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hallmark of later Mughal architectural decoration |
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towered gateway, temple tower |
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an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the academic art styles that had been promoted in India, both by Indian artists like Ravi Varma and by the British-run art schools |
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Timurid Architecture of Central Asia |
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Gur-i Amir
Shah-i Zinda
baked brick with ceramic tile covering
domes: usually double shell with tall ribbed "melon" shape on narrow drum
massive scale
emphasis on the exterior
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The entranceway to the tomb is capped by framing arch or pishtaq
PISHTAQ- framing arch (earlier architecture of the Eastern Islamic lands but frequently used in the Timurid period)
The tomb proper is the octagonal structure.
It was originally preceded by an entrance portal with two minarets. The minarets have now been lost.
Decoration consists of carefully planned and cut glazed tiles forming a tile mosaic. Melon-shaped ribbed dome that sits on a tall, narrow drum. The dome is covered in glazed tile and glazed brick in a variety of geometric and calligraphic designs.
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Gur-i Amir (Tomb of the Lord) Samarqand, 1404
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Founder of Mughal Dynasty
Baburnama
Patron of the book
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lost control of his empire and was driven into exhile
Went to the Safavids for his exhile and came back with Persian painters
Safavid Dynasty
Patron of the arts
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Patron of the book
Synthesis of Islam and Hindu culture, administrative reforms and intellectual/religious interests
- abolished the force to convert to Islam
- abolished discriminatory laws against non-Muslims
- Religious syncretism
- Din-i Ilahi (faith/religion-of Divine)- Akbar's founded religion
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Hasht-Bihisht - Domed Tomb repeated through history (stands on plinth in the center of a garden divided by waterways: Chahr Bagh
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Tomb of Humayun, Delhi, 1562-72
Hasht-Bihisht - Domed Tomb repeated through history (stands on plinth in the center of a garden divided by waterways: Chahr Bagh
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Tomb of Salim Chisti (Sufi Saint) - made of white marble, snake like corbels, porch separated by Jalis, Cenotaph in separate room (jalis)
Panch Mahal - Royal living quarters, Courtyard (game board), no walls, 5 stories, red sandstone, chattri like top, pleasure pavillion, brightly colored textile (cutains) instead of walls
Garden in women's area, chahar Bagh,
Jodh Bai Palace - Main living residence of wives, (Zanana)
Anup Talao- 'Peerless Pool', square, 4 bridges
Akbar's Imperial Sleeping Quarters- simple, elaborate carved roof
Diwan-i Khass- Private audience hall, 2 story, modest, trabeate, closer to hind design (corbels chattris 2nd story outer walkway), Pillar (hindu) richly carved
Nothing like it in Mughal Architecturre
Din-i Ilahi - Akbar's faith, divine faith
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Fatehpur Sikri
(1571-1586)
Tomb of Salim Chisti (Sufi Saint) - made of white marble, snake like corbels, porch separated by Jalis, Cenotaph in separate room (jalis)
Panch Mahal - Royal living quarters, Courtyard (game board), no walls, 5 stories, red sandstone, chattri like top, pleasure pavillion, brightly colored textile (cutains) instead of walls
Garden in women's area, chahar Bagh,
Jodh Bai Palace - Main living residence of wives, (Zanana)
Anup Talao- 'Peerless Pool', square, 4 bridges
Akbar's Imperial Sleeping Quarters- simple, elaborate carved roof
Diwan-i Khass- Private audience hall, 2 story, modest, trabeate, closer to hind design (corbels chattris 2nd story outer walkway), Pillar (hindu) richly carved
Nothing like it in Mughal Architecturre
Din-i Ilahi - Akbar's faith, divine faith |
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original name: Salim, after Sufi Saint
Patron of the Arts, Books, and Architecture
Not a good ruler, economic power falls to the British with his permission
Husband of Nur Jahan
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Patron of Architecture
Wife of Jahangir
"Trend setter"
Ran administration for husband
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Chahr Bagh(usually for canopy tombs, but this one is not!), 4 gates, 5 stories, red sandstone, tall arches, chattris, roofless (white marble) terrance w/ jalis, trabeate tomb - not typical muslim construction in Indo-Islamic structure
cenotaph - highly decorated, geometric and floral on floors= pietra dura
Main gate is trabeate, 4 white marble minarets
Secular, Imperial, and Hindu palace construction
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Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra 1605-13
Chahr Bagh(usually for canopy tombs, but this one is not!), 4 gates, 5 stories, red sandstone, tall arches, chattris, roofless (white marble) terrance w/ jalis, trabeate tomb - not typical muslim construction in Indo-Islamic structure
cenotaph - highly decorated, geometric and floral on floors= pietra dura
Main gate is trabeate, 4 white marble minarets
Secular, Imperial, and Hindu palace construction
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Proto-Taj Mahal or Baby Taj
white marble, stands in chahr Bagh garden, sandstone plinth and inlaid marble, guest house for visitors, pierced stone jalis, depiction of ceramic pottery (imitation of persian and chinese decoration), like Hasht Bahisht w/ minaret like columns with chattri like elements
Precious jems inlaid into screens like Carnelian
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Tomb of I‘timad al-Dawla (Mirza Ghiyath Beg), Agra 1622-28
Proto-Taj Mahal or Baby Taj
white marble, stands in chahr Bagh garden, sandstone plinth and inlaid marble, guest house for visitors, pierced stone jalis, depiction of ceramic pottery (imitation of persian and chinese decoration), like Hasht Bahisht w/ minaret like columns with chattri like elements
Precious jems inlaid into screens like Carnelian
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painting that a is a representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms
telling a story |
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1628-58
Patron of architecture
The period of his reign was the golden age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the legendary Taj Mahal at Agra built as a tomb for his wife Empress Mumtaz Mahal
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influence of European design motifs and techniques and later Mughal art/architecture.
conception as an earthly paradise
Built for Shah Jahan's wife
Tomb, Mosque, Guesthouse
White marble canopy tomb
Inscriptions from Qu'ran
Dado(es)- A wall structure: flowering plant design - herbals(book). Decorated panels of inlaid decoration.
8 paradises: Hasht Bihisht
Cenotaphes surrounded by Jalis screen
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Taj Mahal, Agra 1631-47
influence of European design motifs and techniques on the Taj Mahal and later Mughal art/architecture.conception as an earthly paradise
Built for Shah Jahan's wife
Tomb, Mosque, Guesthouse
White marble canopy tomb
Inscriptions from Qu'ran
Dado(es)- A wall structure: flowering plant design - herbals(book). Decorated panels of inlaid decoration.
8 paradises: Hasht Bihisht
Cenotaphes surrounded by Jalis screen
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Allegorical, ornate, idealized
Conveys message other than the liteal
Putto- cupid like creature, angelic babies, cherubs
Inscription is a wish to live forever
self-portrait of artist holding a self-portrait of him bowing (Red Hat)
James of England the first
Sultan(?) Noble/ Generic figure
Sufi Shaykh: Mystic saint
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Bichitr,Jahangir preferring a Sufi shaykh to kings 1615-18
Allegorical, ornate, idealized
Conveys message other than the liteal
Putto- cupid like creature, angelic babies, cherubs
Inscription is a wish to live forever
self-portrait of artist holding a self-portrait of him bowing (Red Hat)
James of England the first
Sultan(?) Noble/ Generic figure
Sufi Shaykh: Mystic saint |
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1336-1565
Capital city: Vijayanager, Southern India
Defeated Mughals in 1565
Kingdom of Hanuman |
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New focus on precious materials
In the shape of a gourd w/ lotus flower foot
The handle is a European style goat (Naturalism increase)
Gourd (eastern Islam)
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Shah Jahan’s nephrite wine cup, 1657-58
New focus on precious materials
In the shape of a gourd w/ lotus flower foot
The handle is a European style goat (Naturalism increase)
Gourd (eastern Islam)
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lion man avatar of Vishnu
Yoga band added to legs after restoration
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Narasimha monolith, Vijayanagara, 1528
lion man avatar of Vishnu
Yoga band added to legs after restoration |
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dedicated to Krishna
Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound
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Vitthala Temple, Vijayanagara, first half of 16th century
dedicated to Krishna
Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound
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faces the temple, Vitthala
Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound
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Garuda chariot (ratha), Vijayanagara
faces the temple, Vitthala
Part of Vijayanagara Royal Compound
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Hanuman's kingdom on Earth
4 ornate columns: carved of dark volcanic stone (Basalt): pedastle would have held statues
Reliefs on exterior: Narrative: Royal Scene= king sits beside wife/consot flanked by attendants all under conpoy/porch
Baby Krishna is represented in reliefs
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Ramachandra Temple (Hazara Rama, "One Thousand Ramas"), Vijayanagara, ea. 15th century
Hanuman's kingdom on Earth
4 ornate columns: carved of dark volcanic stone (Basalt): pedastle would have held statues
Reliefs on exterior: Narrative: Royal Scene= king sits beside wife/consot flanked by attendants all under conpoy/porch
Baby Krishna is represented in reliefs |
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1529-1736
Nyaka(s) = Governor
Fled Vijayanagara to Madurai (capital) |
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Devote Hindus
Rajput= "Son of Kings"
Art style transfers from Mughal court because of artists losing their jobs and traveling to Rajput Kingdoms. |
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Nayak Dynasty
turned capital into Temple city (walled compound w/ large water tank)
Shaivite (southern India) - primary deity: Shiva
Legendary/Local queen and wife of Shiva (Parvati)
3 gateway towers: Gopuran (4th added for symmetry)
12 Gopuran total
Finial series- decorative projecting element
Barrel vault at the top
Usually stone/ but covered in Stucco (Gouch)
All decoration is Stucco (making it lighter)
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Minakshi-Sundareshvara Temple Complex, Madurai
Nayak Dynasty
turned capital into Temple city (walled compound w/ large water tank)
Shaivite (southern India) - primary deity: Shiva
Minakshi (fish-eyed born with 3 breasts but lost one when meeting/fighting Shiva)
Legendary/Local queen and wife of Shiva (Parvati)
Sundareshvara: Beautiful lord: Shiva (another name)
3 gateway towers: Gopuran (4th added for symmetry)
12 Gopuran total
Finial series- decorative projecting element
Barrel vault at the top
Usually stone/ but covered in Stucco (Gouch)
All decoration is Stucco (making it lighter)
Every 12 years it is painted and rededicated to Shiva
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Jain painting styles vs. Rajput Painting Styles |
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Jain painting-
- bulging 2nd eye
- conceptual style with linear and 2D forms
- standardized/stereotypical compositions
- strong contour lines and outlines
- bold, but limited palette
- brightly colored backgrounds
- flatly applied colors
Rajput painting similarities-
- flat paint
- limited palette, but bright
- strong lines...
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Characteristics of early Rajput/'Chaurapanchashika Style Painting |
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- Hoizontal format
- opaque water-based paints
- little to no text
- bright and contrasting colors
- flat paint
- limited palette
- bright palette
- strong lines
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Rajasthani School of Rajput Painting |
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Devote Hindus
Mughal Influence= Halo around head (Akbar and Jahangir)/ Costume is also Mughal
Architecture and landscape (setting) is Rajput style |
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Rajasthani:
Mewar (Udaipur Kingdom) School
raga = the classical Indian musical mode ragini =‘wife’
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Ragamala Painting, Mewar, c.1605
Rajasthani:
Mewar (Udaipur Kingdom) School
raga = the classical Indian musical mode ragini =‘wife’
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Ramayana Maharana Jagat Singh I
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Hanuman flying through the air From a Ramayana, Mewar, 1649-1653
like akbar's hamzanama
Rajasthani style
brightly colored
crowded composition
Hanuman is central figure w/ mountain top
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Pahari School of Rajput Painting |
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Punjab Hills, Himachal Pradesh
17th - 18th centuries
Devote Hindus
- bright colors
- figures emerge from picture plan
- softer colors
- more subtle
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Nihal Chand, Krishna and Radha in a garden, etc. |
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Artist: Nihal Chand
Kishangarh, mid-18th century
Krishna and Radha in garden with gopis in a boat
New attention to setting and landscape
Rajasthani Style
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Basohli, Pahari School/Style
verses to go with painting - ...
many different configurations of Devi= the great goddess
Shakti- the devine feminine
Bhadrakali- fortunate side of Kali
- Destroyer of the Universe - dancing like Shiva
- Varahi - like Shiva, she is a boar and like Durga, she rides a tiger.
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Tantric Devi series ca. 1660-70
Basohli, Pahari School/Style
verses to go with painting - Tantric Worship
many different configurations of Devi= the great goddess
Shakti- the devine feminine
Bhadrakali- fortunate side of Kali
- Destroyer of the Universe - dancing like Shiva
- Varahi - like Shiva, she is a boar and like Durga, she rides a tiger.
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Kangra late 18th century[image] |
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Radha being persuaded by her handmaiden from Gita Govinda series, Kangra, late 18th century or early 19th century
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Impact of the British Raj on Indian art/architecture |
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British merchants arrive and take over market/economy.
Company painting:
- like a postcard
- very westernized
- European styles and techniques
- very realistic
- recordings of the appearance of native people, and monuments used by British
Indo-Saracenic/Indo-Gothic Architecture.
Painting disappears as photography in introduced. |
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Characteristics of Indo-Saracenic, Indo-Gothic architecture |
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Definition
- Bulbous Domes (Islamic)
- Overhanging Eaves (Hindu)
- Projecting Brackets (Hindu)
- Pointed arched, cusped arches, or lobed arches (Indo-Islamic)
- Vaulted roofs
- Chattris
- Minarets
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Sawdeshi = "of our own country"
as defined by Mahatma Gandhi, is "that spirit in us which requires us to serve our immediate neighbors before others, and to use things produced in our neighborhood in preference to those more remote. So doing, we serve humanity to the best of our capacity. We cannot serve humanity by neglecting our neighbors." |
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1878-87
Trabeate structure
Mughal: White marble, nice sized garden
similar to the Taj Mahal
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus or Victoria Terminus, Mumbai(Bombay), 1878-87
Trabeate structure
Mughal: White marble, nice sized garden
similar to the Taj Mahal |
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Bengal School
Abanindranath Tagore, (Mother India), ca. 1905
Female personification of India
Four hands hold:
- sacred text
- sheath of foliage
- cloth
- rosery beads
There are lotus flowers, and she stands on a globe (like Jahangir)
There is a halo around her head (like Mughal art)
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Bengal School
Abanindranath Tagore, Bharat Mata(Mother India), ca. 1905
Female personification of India
Four hands hold:
- sacred text
- sheath of foliage
- cloth
- rosery beads
There are lotus flowers, and she stands on a globe (like Jahangir)
There is a halo around her head (like Mughal art) |
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post-impressionist style (very western)
similar to miniature painting in Mughal dynasty
Influenced by Gauguin for self portraits
moves away from academic art
Vibrant, primary, basic colors (Rajput)
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1887-1972
Indian Folkart
Pata-Chitra (scroll painting)
kalighat painting: done rapidly, mass produced
Began mass producing with apprentices
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Maqbool Fida Husein, 1915
Modern/Contemporary Art
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functioned as a tomb complex of the Timurid period. It’s more like a cemetery full of mausolea than a single tomb complex. series of small mausolea arranged along an alleyway “the living king” The entrance to the complex lies at the top of the stairs. The tombs are simple domed cubes or canopy-type tombs. The tombs have many different types of tilework. Some were carved and glazed in turquoise or cobalt blue with white for contrast. Others were made into tile mosaics that form geometric interlace patterns. The domes may be either ribbed or plain, but usually covered in glazed tile and with drums decorated in glazed brick.
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Shah-i Zinda, Samarqand, 11th -15th century
The Shah-i Zinda functioned as a tomb complex of the Timurid period. It’s more like a cemetery full of mausolea than a single tomb complex. series of small mausolea arranged along an alleyway Shah-i Zinda - “the living king” Samarqand, 11th -15th century The entrance to the complex lies at the top of the stairs. The tombs are simple domed cubes or canopy-type tombs. The tombs have many different types of tilework. Some were carved and glazed in turquoise or cobalt blue with white for contrast. Others were made into tile mosaics that form geometric interlace patterns. The domes may be either ribbed or plain, but usually covered in glazed tile and with drums decorated in glazed brick. |
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History of his rein Abu'l Fazl- court scribe, wrote the akbarnama double page illustration Atmospheric perspective - European style[image] |
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Akbar's Adventures with the Elephant Hawa-i, Akbarnama History of his rein Abu'l Fazl- court scribe, wrote the akbarnama double page illustration Atmospheric perspective - European style
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Diwan-i Khass
Panch Mahal
Jodha Bai Palace
Tomb of Salim Christi |
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