Term
Preconventional (Moral Reasoning by Kohlberg)
Level 1
Level 2 |
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Definition
Level 1: Heteronomous morality: Moral thinking is tied to punishment
Level 2: Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange: Individuals reason that pursuing their own interests is the right thing to do, but they let others do the same
External rewards and punishment
Whatis right and wrong is up to your interpretation
Birth to 9 years |
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Term
Conventional Reasoning (Kohlberg)
Level 3
Level 4 |
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Definition
Level 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity: individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others. The "good boy"
Level 4: Social systems morality: Social order, law, justice, duty
Traditionally the last level people make it to |
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Term
Postconventional (Kohlberg)
Level 5
Level 6 |
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Definition
Level 5: Social contract or utility and indivudal rights; principles transcend law
Level 6: Universal ethical principles: Universal human rights; Kohlberg was the only person to reach this level |
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Term
| Influences on the Kohlberg Stages |
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Definition
Cognitive Development
Experiences with moral conflict: presenting examples of moral dilemmas slightly above curent levels
Peer interaction: challenges children to change their moral orientation
Aloows for give-and-take when taking the persepctive of another person and generates rules regarding the reasoning process |
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Term
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Definition
| Superego INTERNALIZES parents' standards to avoid guilt and loss of love |
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Term
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Definition
Based on basic learning principles
Reinforcement
Punishment - removal of reinforcing value
Imitaiton
SITUATION IS INFLUENTIAL
But only partially account for moral behavior
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Term
| Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory |
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Definition
Moral thought does NOT equal moral behavior
Puts abstract principles above relationships
Culturally biased
Assessment method is subjective |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-Regulation (self control, not abstract reasoning) is the key to moral behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Observes children who transgressed
Would put kids in room with candy, and tell kids they can have some when they return, only to be gone for a few hours, and see how the child responds
HIGHER GUILT
Inhibited temperament
Girls were less likely to steal candy
LESS GUILT
Children of mothers who rely on power-assertion |
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Term
| Power assertion and Love withdrawal |
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Definition
Least effective towards moral development
Poor model
Too stressful |
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Term
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Definition
Reasoning
Explaining consequences for others |
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Term
| The Hidden Curriculum - John Dewey |
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Definition
| Moral atmosphere is part of every school |
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Term
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Definition
| No personal gain from helping others |
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Term
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Definition
| Obligation to return a favor with a favor |
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Term
Sharing and Fairness
3 years
4 years
7 years
Which age group is more prosocial?
Which sex is more prosocial? |
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Definition
3 years - imitate sharing
4 years - empathic awareness, sense of obligation
7 years - fairness based on equality, merits, benevolence, and compromise
Adolescents more prosocial than children
Girls more prosocial than boys |
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Term
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Definition
Age-appropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others
5% of children show serious conduct problems
Also called externalizing or under-controlled pattern of behavior
Causes - difficult temperament, ineffective parenting, living in an area where violence is the norm |
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Term
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Definition
LEGAL term!!!
80% involve males
"onset age" is 11 (early before, late after)
Much higher in lower SES and minority groups
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