Term
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Definition
| a haploid reproductive cell produced by animals who reproduce sexually |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell produced by a male gamete joining with a female gamete |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and types of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that have 1 set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of the chromosomes that holds the sister chromatids together during mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two strands of the chromosome that become visible during mitosis or meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the substance that composes eukaryotic chromosomes; it consists of specific proteins, DNA, and small amounts of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus made of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the most basic physical unit of heredity; a segment of nucleic acids that codes for a fucnctional unit of RNA and/or a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of disorder of cell growth that results in invasion and destruction of surrounding healthy tissue by abnormal cells |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
a form of cell division that produces 4 genetically
different haploid cells |
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Term
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Definition
| when homologous chromosomes form pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| the random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| all the events in an organisms growth and development until it reaches sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| the haploid gametes in males |
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Term
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Definition
| the haploid gametes in females |
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Term
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Definition
| a recognizable inherited feature or characteristic of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetically determined characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
the offspring of true-breeding parents with a
contrasting trait |
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Term
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Definition
the entire group of offspring produced by a given
group of parents |
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Term
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Definition
| a form or a version of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| the allele that is expressed |
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Term
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Definition
the allele that is only expressed when the
dominant allele is not present |
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Term
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Definition
the set of alleles that an individual has for a
character |
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Term
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Definition
| the trait that results from a set of alleles |
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Term
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Definition
an individual who has 2 of the same alleles for a
character |
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Term
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Definition
an individual who has 2 different alleles for a
character |
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Term
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Definition
a model that shows all the genotypes that could
result from a particular cross |
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Term
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Definition
| the likelihood that a specific event will occur |
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Term
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Definition
a family history that shows how a trait is inherited
over several generations |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease or disorder that can be inherited |
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Term
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Definition
| both alleles for the same gene are expressed fully |
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Term
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Definition
| a character affected by several genes |
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Term
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Definition
describes 2 or more genes that tend to be
inherited together |
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Term
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Definition
| a single parent produces offspring genetically identical to itself |
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Term
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Definition
| two parents contribute genetic material to the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of asexual reproduction where an organism splits in half |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into several pieces, each of which may grow into an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of asexual reproduction where an unfertilized female sex cell grows into an adult |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of asexual reproduction where an individual splits off from an existing organism |
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Term
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Definition
| cells which participate only in reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that do not participate in reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| when a female gamete joins with a male gamete |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome that does not have genes that determine the sex of the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome that has genes that determine the sex of the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the three other, smaller cells produced with an ovum |
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Term
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Definition
| when a plant fertilizes itself |
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Term
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Definition
| when a plant fertilizes another plant |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic cross between two individuals with different alleles for two traits |
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Term
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Definition
| they have alleles for a disorder, but do not have symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene located on an x or y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| traits coded for by sex-linked genes |
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Term
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Definition
| when neither allele is dominant or recessive |
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Term
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Definition
a segment of nucleic acids that carry the
instructions for inherited traits |
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Term
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Definition
the genetic material in cells made of small
segments of deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Term
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Definition
an organic compound made of sugar, a phosphate,
and a nitrogenous base that is the basic building
block of a nucleic acid chain |
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Term
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Definition
a nucleotide that has 2 rings of carbon and
nitrogen atoms (adenine and guanine) |
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Term
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Definition
a nucleotide that has 1 ring of carbon and nitrogen
atoms (thymine, uracil, and cytosine) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of making a copy of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
a protein that unwinds the DNA double helix
durning DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that helps form new DNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
the process by which genes control the traits of an
organism |
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Term
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Definition
ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present
in all living things |
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Term
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Definition
the 1st stage of gene expression where
information in a particular region of DNA is
transferred into mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
an individual who has 2 of the same alleles for a
character |
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Term
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Definition
an individual who has 2 different alleles for a
character |
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Term
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Definition
a group of 3 nucleotide bases that encodes amino
acid sequences |
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Term
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Definition
the second stage of gene expression where the
mRNA codons are converted into amino acids or
proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the structure or amount of genetic material in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| when a single nucleotide in a DNA molecule changes (silent when no chance, missense when different amino acid, or nonsense when stop codon) |
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Term
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Definition
| when a pair of chromosomes don't separate properly |
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Term
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Definition
when an organism has nondisjunction in all
chromosomes (common in plants) |
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Term
| Frederick Griffith experiment |
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Definition
live S bacteria kill the mouse, live R bacteria do not, dead S do not, live R and dead S do
result: genetic material can be transferred between cells |
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Term
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Definition
dead bacteria missing RNA or proteins can change harmless to harmful, but when they're missing DNA they can't
result: DNA is the genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the places where complimentary DNA strands seperate |
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Term
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Definition
| messenger RNA: produced during transcription and complimentary to a DNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer RNA: used during translation; attaches to an amino acid; contains a sequence of bases that are complimentary to a part of a mRNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomal RNA: found in ribosomes; helps to bind amino acids together during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of paired codons and amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of amino acids that forms a protein |
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Term
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Definition
a group of genes is a group of genes with related
functions and the regions of DNA that regulate
them |
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Term
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Definition
the proteins involved in gene regulation before
transcription |
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Term
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Definition
segments of genetic code that will not be
translated into amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
a portion of the gene that will be translated into
amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
parts of a protein that have specific chemical
structures and functions |
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Term
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Definition
all the DNA that an organism has in 1 set of its
chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a small, circular peice of DNA that can be transferred between bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
a set of genes that move randomly between
chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
the process where new cells are modified and
specialized as they multiply to form an organism |
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Term
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Definition
a genetically controlled process that leads to the
death of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| things that make mutations more likely |
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Term
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Definition
| mutations that affect an entire chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| when a piece of a chromosome is lost |
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Term
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Definition
| a piece of a chromosome remains attached to its homologous chromosome after meiosis. the chromosome carries both alleles for all the genes on that piece. |
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Term
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Definition
| a piece of a chromosome reattaches to its original chromosome, but in the opposite direction |
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Term
| chromosomal translocation |
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Definition
| a piece of a chromosome ends up on a completely different, non-homologous chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of genes that determines placement of body parts on animals with a head and tail end |
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Term
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Definition
Prophase: chromosomes begin to condense, nuclear membrane breaks down
Metaphase: chromosomes line up along equator and the spindle fibers connect them to the centromere
Anaphase: spindle fibers shorten and chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides
Telophase: a new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
prophase 1: chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down
metaphase 1: pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator
anaphase 1: spindle fibers pull one chromosome from each pair to the poles
telophase 1: cytoplasm divides, two new cells form
prophase 2: a new spindle forms
metaphase 2: chromosomes move to the equators
anaphase 2: centromeres divide and chromatids separate and are pulled to the poles
telophase 2: cytoplasm divides |
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Term
| cell reproduction phase order |
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Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
(cytogenesis) |
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Term
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Definition
1) After the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus, it binds to a ribosome and to a tRNA carrying the amino
acid methionine. The anticodon on the tRNA binds to the mRNA.
2) A new tRNA arrives and binds to the next codon on the mRNA. A new type of bond called a peptide
bond forms between the methionine and the 2nd amino acid. The bond between the 1st tRNA and the
methionine is broken, and the 1st tRNA moves away from the ribosome.
3) The ribosome moves to the next codon on the mRNA. A tRNA with the complementary anticodon binds
to the mRNA codon. The amino acid on this tRNA forms a peptide bond to the chain of amino acids
attached to the previous tRNA. As the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand, more and more amino
acids are added.
4) When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA strand, no more amino acids are added to the
chain.
5) The amino acid chain is released, and the ribosome and the tRNA move apart. |
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Term
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Definition
1) The two complementary strands of DNA separate from each other and form Y shapes. These Y-shaped
areas are called replication forks.
2) At the replication fork, new nucleotides are added to each side and new base pairs are formed
according to the base-pairing rules.
3) Forms 2 identical DNA molecules. Each double-stranded DNA helix is made of one new strand of DNA
and one original strand of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA that is complementary to the DNA stand is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| tRNA attaches to an amino acid and contains a sequence of bases that are complementary to a part of the mRNA strand, and rRNA helps bind amino acids together |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is made of a pattern of four different nucleotides, which are bound on one end to a phosphate group and on the other to a nitrogenous base. |
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