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| was a Greek philosopher who studied under Plato and taught Alexander the Great. His views on physical science shaped Medieval and Renaissance thought.He was the founder of the five elements and he defined motion as an active fulfillment of potential. |
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| He was a Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher. He contributed greatly to the understanding of anatonmy, physiology and logic. He was influenced by humorism from the acient Greeks. his theory of the circulatory system lasted until harvey came along. |
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| he was a greek mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. He strengthened the geo-centric theory which lasted until the Scientific Revolution. |
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| Medieval Conception of the Universe |
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| They adapted all their views of the universe to Christianity. They thought that the earth was the center of the earth they also thought that the sun the moon and the planets all moved in perfectly symmetric and circular paths around the earth. they also believed that the stars were fixed. |
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| is a set of philosophical and religious beliefs based on writings. these were considered important during the Renaissance and the Reformation. It is the belief that there is one powerful god who created everythign and is everywhere. |
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| from Poland was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate the heliocentric theory. He was very conservative and did not want to offend the Pope so wrote him a letter warning him about the theories telling that they may not be correct but that they were created by God. |
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| he was a danish nobleman and He did a lot of research. he observed the planets and tried to combine the copernicus theory with he ptolemy theory. |
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| He studied under Brache and he developed the laws of planetary motion and concluded that the orbits were elliptical and not round. he provided the foundation to newtons gravity theories. |
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| 1633 found that there was uniform force applied to an object it would move at an accelerated speed. he also discovered inertia. and strengthened the heliocentric theory. |
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| in 1666 he invented the calculus to work out the rate of change, he wrote many books 'principia''mathematical principles of natural philosophy' where he did math proofs of gravity and worked on a culmination of copernicus, kepler and galileo. he also had 3 laws of motion. 1)stays in motion 2)rate of change is proportional to force and 3)equal opposite reaction. |
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| he was an english philosopher and the lord chancellor of england 1619. he was the advocate and pratitioner of the scientic meathod during the scientific revolution. |
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| 1596-1650 was a frenchman who dominated western thought. in 1637 wrote 'doscourse on method' where he decided to forget everything and start again and to accept things that were only true because of reason. separation of mind and matter. |
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| On the Revolutuion of Heavenly Spheres |
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| is a work on the heliocentric theory by Nicholas Copernicus. It offered an alternate model of the universe to Ptolemys geocentric system. |
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| term for mystical philosophy. it was based on the teachings of plato and earlier teachers. |
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| written by Galileo in 1610 it was based on the observations through a telescope of the moon and the stars and the moons of jupiter. |
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| Cardinal Robert Bellarmine |
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| was an italian jesuit and a cardinal of the catholic church. he was the one who condemned Galileo. |
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| Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican |
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| written by Galileo in 1632 in italian compared the copernican system with the traditional Ptolemaic system. it was forbidden by the church. |
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| Pricipia (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) |
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| is a work in three books by Isaac Newton published in 1687. it is one of the most important books in the history of science. he used calculus. |
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| Universal law of gravitation |
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| by Sir Isaac Newton he concluded that everything in the universe was attracted to everything else and the bigger the object the greater the pull. that is what kept the planets in their orbits. |
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| that the four bodily fluids affect human personality. |
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| was a German-Swiss Renaissance physician and astrologer. he is known for his tract on medicine. he used chemicals and minerals in medicine. |
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| is a system of alternate medicine by Samuel Hahnemann based of like cures like. such as the symptoms of a disease in healthy people will cure that disease in sick people. |
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| he was a flemish anatomist physician and author of on the Fabric of the Human Body. he is often reffered to as the founder of modern human anatomy. |
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| on the Fabric of the Human Body |
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| written by andreas Vesalius where he discussed what he found while dissecting a corpse. |
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| was an english physician who was the first to completely describe in detail the systemic circulation and the properties of blood being pumped from the heart. |
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| On the Motion of the Heart and Blood |
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| written by William Harvey in 1628 it talks about how the heart pumps blood around the body. |
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| she was a naturalist and scientific illustrator and made detailed paintings about them. her observations of the metamorphosis of the butterfly made her a great contributor to entomology. |
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| she discovered the comet of 1702 and she was the first woman to discover one. she was a german astronomer who was often rejected because of her gender but she made observations of the northern lights. |
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| this refers to writting in latin and french which debates the writings of both sexes. |
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| was published by Rene Descartes in 1637. it is an influential book about the evolution of natural sciences. it forms the base of the Epistemology |
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| mind and body interaction by Descartes. I reflect therefor I am. the mind and soul are indivisible. |
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| by francis bacon. he wanted to educate people to the great works of the Renaissance. |
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| used in the scientific method. bottom up logic it evaluates general propositions that come from specific examples. |
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| top down logic where you take a geberal statement to reach a certain conclusion. |
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| he was a jewish-dutch philosopher who was one of the greatest rationalists. he made great contributions in ethics. |
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| he was a czech teacher, educator and writer. he was considered the father of universal education. |
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| was a French mathematician, physicist m inventor, writer and philosopher. he worked in the applied sciences where he made contributions to the study of fluids and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum. he also wrote in support of the scientific method. |
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| It was a Defence of the Christian religion And a collection of his thoughts before he died. |
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| The English Royal Society |
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| is a learned society founded in 1660 after being granted a charter by King Charles II. It was exclusive and at first only men. it was formed of groups of natural philosophers who were influenced by new science promoted by Bacon. they shared ideas. |
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| Philosophical Transactions |
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| this was the first issue published in 1665 under the leadership of Oldenburg who was the first secretary of the Royal Society. it was the world first scientific journal. it established the important principles of scientific priority and peer review. |
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| was a German philosopher who researched lectured and wrote on philosophy and anthropology. his major work was the Critique of Pure Reason. he aimed to unite reason with experience to move beyond what he took to be failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. End the age of speculation. |
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| is a book by David Lewis that defends the thesis of modal realism. that we are only inhabitants of this world and there are others. |
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| was a French philosopher and writer. he wanted separation between the spheres of faith and reason on the grounds that God was incomprehensible to humans. he was also an advocator of toleration of divergent beliefs. |
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| On the Ceremonies of the Chinese |
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| this was the thought that humans were born without built-in mental content and everything we know comes from experience and perception. locke was a believer in this. |
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| were philosophers who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning. they endorsed progress and tolerance. they faded away after the french revolution. |
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| He was a French philosopher who is famous for his ideas about the separation of powers. |
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| Written by Montesquieu in 1748 In it he pleads for a Constitutional form of government and separation of powers. |
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| normally hosted by women. These were meetings where philosophers came together and discussed ideas. they were important in the spread of the scientific revolution |
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| He was a French philosopher who wrote about civil liberties especially the freedom of speech and religion And the separation of the church and the state. He wrote loads of phamlets to spread his ideas. |
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| written by Voltaire he wrote about how christians being intolerant on religious matters were being hypocrites. he preached that all should be oblideged to be tolerable to each other as we all have the same father, God he may just be in different forms. |
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| is the belief that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of God. |
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| he was a french philosopher, art critic, and writer. he is best known for serving as co-founder and editor of the encyclopedie. he also examined the idea of free will. |
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| was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It was edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. |
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| was a scottish philosopher known for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. desire rather than reason governed humans behavior, |
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| wrote the Wealth of Nations. He was a scotish philosopher who was a great believer in laissez-faire. |
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| were part of the school of French thinkers who came up with the first complete system of economics. they thought the economy could not flourish unless argiculture was given the best opportunity. |
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| supported by Adam Smith. this was when the governement did not interfere with anything to do with trade. |
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| He was an Italian philosopher and economic who influenced the justice system. he did not agree with the brutal punishments and torture. he thought everyone should have fair punishments and that being locked up had a longer lasting effect. |
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| was a french-german philosopher, encyclopedist and influential in the enlightenment. he is known for his atheism and his belief that the world was nothing more that matter in motion. "the system of nature" |
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| was a french philosopher and mathematician. he was also a political scientist whos condorcet method came up with tally voting and run-off elections. he advocated a liberal economy and free and equal public education, constitutionalism and equal rights for women. |
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| he was a genevan philosopher who influenced teh french revolution. his theory of the natural man was that people were born good and it was societies influence that made them evil. |
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| was invented by Rousseau. in this book he theorized about the best way to set up a political community in the face of all the problems in society. |
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| Marie-therese de Geoffrin |
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| was one of the leading females in the french enlightenment. from 1750-1777 she played host to many influencial philosophes. she paid for the encyclopedia to be finished in secret. |
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| is the neame given to the western movements in teh arts, literature, music and architecture. it drew inspiration from the classics. it was prominent in the 18th and continued til the 21st century. |
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| is late baroque. it was developed in teh early 18th century in Prais as a reaction agaisnt the strict regulations of baroque. artists wante a more florid and graceful approach. it was very ornate with lots of creamy pastel like colours. it was more playful |
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| was a french painter who spurred the revival of interest in colour a movement he made the more from baroque to rococo |
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| was a german military engineer and architect to developed and defined the new brand of baroque architecture. |
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| was a German composer. he enriched styles like counterpoint, harmonic and otivic organisation and the adaptions of rhythms and forms. Brandenbug Concertos and Massin B minor are still popular today. |
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| he was a composer who is famous for his operas, oratorios, anthems and organ pieces. |
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| he was a influential composer. composed over 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers, and his influence on subsequent Western art music is profound |
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| The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |
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| was written by an english historian Edward Gibbon in 1776. it discusses the decline and because of the use of sources and its objectivity it became a model for later historians. |
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| was a daily publication founded by joseph Addison and Richard Steele in England. Its goal was to with wit spread ideas in places other than schools, libararies ect. |
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| The Royal College of Surgeons |
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| it is an independent professional body committed to promoting the most advanced care. |
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| this was a time before lent when people just let go. violence, lots of sex and heavy drinking was permitted. |
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| they are pocketsized booklets that could have any sort of printed material in them. there were also illustrations in them that made them popular. they were very cheap so more people could read them. it helped with the circulation of ideas. |
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| Jews were expelled from Portugal in 1497. they were given the choice to be exciled or convert to christianity. |
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| he was the pope from 1769-1774. he surpressed the jesuits because of pressure from everyone else. |
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| they lived in eastern europe and were restricted to own land and they had to pay special taxes. they also had to face the wrath of the public. |
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| they were expelled from spain in the 15th century. they went to turkish lands, amsterdam, venice, london ect where they were allowed to participate in banking and commerical activities. |
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| it was a responce to peoples desire to have a closer more personal realationship to god. it was a movement within lutheranism that lasted from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century. it combined teh lutheranism of the time with the reformed emphasis on the indeividual. |
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| He was inspired by Pietism. methodism started with Wesleys evangelistic revival movement within Anglicanism. he founded the holy club who set out to live holy lives. they wanted to do good. it became a seperate church after his death. |
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