Early to Mid-19th Century

Two favorable conditions: an increase in literacy and the emergence of the popular press (everyone, no matter their status was encouraged to read and write, and have independent thought and action)

Early to Mid-19th Century

Two Declining Churches

Early to Mid-19th Century

Two growing churches

Early to Mid-19th Century

4 Governmental Black Eyes

The Indian Removal Act of 1830

The Compromise of 1850

Fugitive Slave Law/Dred Scott Decision

The Mexican-American War

Early to Mid-19th Century

Workers began creating work for distant markets due to travel revolution

rural towns began exchanges with cities food for goods

by 1830s, radically altered the Northeast, redefining traditional family arrangements, patterns of trade and population distribution

Early to Mid-19th Century

New England factory towns that produced goods for rural consumption

Wealthy and poor lived side by side, distinctions were apparent

Early to Mid-19th Century

2 Writer Nicknames

Quill Drivers

Ink Slingers

Early to Mid-19th Century

First American Book

Early to Mid-19th Century

Role of Female Author's

Early to Mid-19th Century

Moral enthusiasm

Optimism

Faith in the value of individualism

Intuitive perception

Presumption that the natural world is a source of goodness and inspiration

Humanity is the source of nature's corruption

Intuitively know that a spiritual authority exists

Humanity is good and perfectible/corrupted by materialism

Washington Irving

spoofed various aspects of New York life:

Washington Irving

His fiancee

Washington Irving

In 1826, Irving embarked on a political career, working as an (    ) in Spain later as secretary of the American delegation in London

Washington Irving

Home

Washington Irving

American Romanticism, belletrist, History and biography as entertainment and American short stories and American juvenile literature are all examples of what genre?

Washington Irving

Work as transitional- went from Rationalism to:

Washington Irving

America unsurpassed in beauty and scenery, Europe offers history:

Washington Irving

Irving (tell the wife, be honest)

Washington Irving

Married men and misfortune

Washington Irving

What was the wife's reaction?

Washington Irving

The Dogs name?

Washington Irving

Who is the town patriarch? 

Edgar Allan Poe

Biological Parents

Father left

Mother died

Traveling Actors

Edgar Allan Poe

Foster Parents

Edgar Allan Poe

College

Experience

University of Virginia

(forced to leave because of gambling debts)

Edgar Allan Poe

Cousin, wife, died young at 24

Edgar Allan Poe

Left for Boston, found (     ) in Baltimore, died five days later

Edgar Allan Poe

Genre Invention

Edgar Allan Poe

"Ligea"

Attributes of Ligea

Dark, black features, first wife, married for love

Edgar Allan Poe

"Ligea"

Mysterious origins

Edgar Allan Poe

"Ligea"

Outstanding feature

Edgar Allan Poe

"Ligea"

Drug used by Narrator

Edgar Allan Poe

"Ligea"

Second Wife

Rowena

(blue eyed, blond hair, married for wealth, know too much)

Edgar Allan Poe

"Ligea"

Fluid in Goblet

Edgar Allan Poe

"Ligeia"

Resurrected women's features

Bandages fall

Raven hair, dark eyes (Rowena turns into Ligeia)

Edgar Allan Poe

"Fall of the House of Usher"

Narrator's response to the house

Edgar Allan Poe

"Fall of the House of Usher"

Has an illness, ask's narrator for help

Edgar Allan Poe

"Fall of the House of Usher"

Usher's Illness

Hyperchondria 

Hyperesthesia 

Acute anxiety

Edgar Allan Poe

"Fall of the House of Usher"

Usher's twin sister, also ill, falls into death like trances

Edgar Allan Poe

"Fall of the House of Usher"

The narrator's bedroom is situated directly above the:

Edgar Allan Poe

"Fall of the House of Usher"

Usher sings this, "The Haunted Palace", this is a:

Edgar Allan Poe

"Fall of the House of Usher"

Describe what happens during the storm

Narrator reads "The Mad Tryst" to calm Usher down

Madeline is alive, falls on Usher and they both become corpses

No lightning

Edgar Allan Poe

"Fall of the House of Usher"

Fate of the House

Edgar Allan Poe

"The Tell-Tale Heart"

Reason for murder

Edgar Allan Poe

"The Tell-Tale Heart"

What is the sound?

Edgar Allan Poe

"The Tell-Tale Heart"

Where is the body hidden?

Edgar Allan Poe

"The Tell-Tale Heart"

Who visit's the narrator

Who wrote:

Sonnet-To Science

Who wrote:

To Helen

Who wrote:

The Raven

Who wrote:

Annabel Lee

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

State of birth

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

Where did he attend college?

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

Engagement

Secretly engaged to Sophia Peabody

Stayed for 7 months at Brooks Farm

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

What was his job? 

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

Where was his home? 

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

2 common myths

- He was a recluse

- Had a vendetta against Puritanism

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

"Young Goodman Brown"

Protagonist's wife, what happens? 

Faith, wife of three months

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

"Young Goodman Brown"

Who is the walking companion Brown meets in the Forest? 

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

"Young Goodman Brown"

Describe the gathering in the woods. 

Nathaniel Hawthorne 

"Young Goodman Brown"

How did Brown's life change after the vision/gathering? 

Nathaniel Hawthorne

"The Minister's Black Veil" 

What is the minister's name? 

Nathaniel Hawthorne

"The Minister's Black Veil" 

What is the minister's sermon style/topic? 

Nathaniel Hawthorne

"The Minister's Black Veil" 

Engagement, who is the minister engaged too. What happens? 

Nathaniel Hawthorne

"The Minister's Black Veil" 

What impact did the veil have on the minister's work? 

Nathaniel Hawthorne

"The Minister's Black Veil" 

Vision on deathbed, what of it? 

Herman Melville

What was his career at 19? 

Herman Melville

Who and when did he get married? 

Herman Melville

Describe his experience with cannibals. 

Herman Melville

What is his most famous novel? 

Herman Melville

What is his greatest commercial failure? 

Herman Melville

What is the name of his home? 

Herman Melville

What job did he have after his failed writings? 

Herman Melville

"Bartleby, the Scrivener" 

What is the subtitle? 

Herman Melville

"Bartleby, the Scrivener" 

What is the narrator's occupation? 

Herman Melville

"Bartleby, the Scrivener" 

Who are Nippers and Turkey? 

Herman Melville

"Bartleby, the Scrivener" 

Who is one of the other reliable workers other then Bartleby and the narrator? 

Herman Melville

"Bartleby, the Scrivener" 

Bartleby

Herman Melville

"Bartleby, the Scrivener" 

What is Bartleby's response to almost everything? 

Herman Melville

"Bartleby, the Scrivener" 

What does the narrator offer Bartleby? 

Herman Melville

"Bartleby, the Scrivener" 

What is the significance of the "Dead Letter Office"? 

William Cullen Bryant

At the age of 5, he was an avid reader of:

William Cullen Bryant

Where was he born? 

William Cullen Bryant

What was his father's 2 jobs? 

William Cullen Bryant

What are some of his themes in poetry? 

Death, past, nature

(Death, immortality, emotions of bereavement

treatment of nature)

Liberal politics

William Cullen Bryant

Became Editor-in-Chief of what:

For how long: 

New York Evening Post

50 years

William Cullen Bryant

What political party did he help form? 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

What state was he born in? 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

What college did he attend? 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

He became a (     ), a title applied to aristocratic New Englanders of the 19th century. 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

What college was he a professor at? 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

What tragedy happened to his wife? 

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Was considered to be a "(    )" Poet

John Greenleaf Whittier

What was his fathers occupation? 

John Greenleaf Whittier

How did he finance his college education? 

John Greenleaf Whittier

Wrote poems about what region?

John Greenleaf Whittier

What was his religious affiliation? 

John Greenleaf Whittier

What famous President did he help elect? 

John Greenleaf Whittier

He was a (    ) and (   ) poet. 

Ralph Waldo Emerson

His father was what type of Minister? 

Ralph Waldo Emerson

What college did he attend? 

Ralph Waldo Emerson

What was his occupation in Boston? 

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Why did he resign from ministry? 2 reasons

Death of wife

Unwilling to endorse the orthodox religious views

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Had involvement with the T...

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Three things that helped his growing fame? 

Prose essays

Addresses

Transcendentalists

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"Nature"

2 categories of the Universe?  

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"Nature"

This is both an expression of the devine and the means of understanding it. 

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"Nature"

(   ) is nature in combination with the will of man. 

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"Nature"

The visionary man may lose himself in it, may become a receptive (     ) (   ). 

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"The American Scholar"

Who is he addressing? 

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"The American Scholar"

He declares that the scholar is "Man (   )"

Walt Whitman

What state was he born in?

Walt Whitman

His deistic faith was shaped by?

Walt Whitman

What were his occupations? 5

Walt Whitman

Whitman wanted to be know as the "bard of (    )". 

Walt Whitman

What was his nickname late in life? 

Who wrote Leaves of Grass? 

Emily Dickinson

What state was she born in? 

Emily Dickinson

What college did her grandfather create/founder? 

Emily Dickinson

How many of her poems were published while she was still alive? 

7 or 8

(1800 unpublished)

Emily Dickinson

What was her lifestyle like? 

Emily Dickinson

Thomas Higginson was her friend and (    ). 

Emily Dickinson

Her poems were written in a meter of (    ) hymn book. 

American Sentimentalism 

What is one novel and in what year, marks the movement of this genre? 

American Sentimentalism 

There is a commonality of definiton in this genre of (    )

American Sentimentalism 

What are the philosophical roots? 

American Sentimentalism 

School of what 2 philosophers were influenced? 

American Sentimentalism 

The Cult of "    " was the cultural movement. 

American Sentimentalism 

The novel of sensibility is best represented by the works of Samuel Richardson who wrote the novel (    ). 

American Sentimentalism 

What are the traits of Sentimentalism? 4

-Scenes of distress

-visible expressions of sympathy

-insertion of didactic or moralistic lessons

-privileging of emotion in response to situations and surroundings

American Sentimentalism 

4 emerging genres that became from this movement/genre? 

- Captivity narrative

- Picaresque

- Gothic

- Frontier Romance

American Sentimentalism 

3 Mid-19th Century bestsellers. 

- The Wide Wide World

- Uncle Tom's Cabin

- The Lamplighter

Harriet Beecher Stowe

What was her father's occupation? 

Harriet Beecher Stowe

What state was she born in? 

Harriet Beecher Stowe

She was an active member of the (    ) (   ) Club, a literary group devoted to intellectual discussions of society, literature, education, and religion. 

Harriet Beecher Stowe

In 1836 she married Calvin Ellis Stowe, who was a "   ". 

Harriet Beecher Stowe

What was her first published book? 

Uncle Tom's Cabin

The owner of Uncle Tom in Kentucky, Shelby sells Tom to the cruel Mr. Haley to pay off his debts. An educated, kind, and basically good-hearted man, Shelby nonetheless tolerates and perpetuates slavery. Stowe uses him to illustrate that the immorality inherent in slavery makes villains of all its practitioners—not just the most cruel masters.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

is a loving, Christian woman who does not believe in slavery. She uses her influence with her husband to try to help the Shelbys’ slaves and is one of the novel’s many morally virtuous and insightful female characters.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Eliza’s husband and an intellectually curious and talented mulatto, ??? loves his family deeply and willingly fights for his freedom. He confronts the slave hunter Tom Loker and does not hesitate to shoot him when he imperils the family.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Uncle Tom’s wife and the Shelbys’ cook. ???? often acts like a jovial simpleton around the Shelbys to mask her more complex feelings.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Eliza and George’s son, a young boy

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A slave hunter hired by Mr. Haley to bring back Eliza, Harry, and George, ???? first appears as a gruff, violent man. George shoots him when he tries to capture them, and, after he is healed by the Quakers, ??? experiences a transformation and chooses to join the Quakers rather than return to his old life.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

(2) is another example of the virtuous woman. She tries to exert influence through her husband. (1) exemplifies the well-meaning man who is sympathetic to the abolitionist cause but who nonetheless remains complacent or resigned to the status quo.

Uncle Tom's Cabin 

When Shelby tells his Mrs. Shelby about his agreement with Haley, she is appalled because she has promised Eliza that Shelby would not ( ) ( ) ( ).

Uncle Tom's Cabin

St. Clare and Marie’s angelic daughter. ???, also referred to in the book as Little ???(her given name is ???ngeline) is presented as an absolutely perfect child—a completely moral being and an unimpeachable Christian. She laments the existence of slavery and sees no difference between blacks and whites. After befriending Tom while still a young girl, ??? becomes one of the most important figures in his life. In death, ??? becomes one of the text’s central Christ figures.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Tom’s master in New Orleans and Eva’s father, St. Clare is a flighty and romantic man, dedicated to pleasure. St. Clare does not believe in God, and he carouses and drinks every night. Although he dotes on his daughter and treats his slaves with compassion, St. Clare shares the hypocrisy of Mr. Shelby in that he sees the evil of slavery but nonetheless tolerates and practices it.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

St. Clare’s wife, a self-centered woman. Petty, whining, and foolish, she is the very opposite of the idealized woman figure that appears repeatedly throughout the novel.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

St. Clare’s cousin from the North (Vermont) who comes to help him manage the household, ??? opposes slavery in the abstract. However, she finds actual slaves somewhat distasteful and harbors considerable prejudice against them. After Eva’s death, and through her relationship with Topsy, ??? realizes her failings and learns to see slaves as human beings. Stowe hoped that much of her Northern audience might recognize themselves in ??? and reconsider their views on slavery.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

 A wild and uncivilized slave girl whom Miss Ophelia tries to reform, ??? gradually learns to love and respect others by following the example of Eva.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

George and Eliza remain in flight from Loker and his men. When Loker attempts to capture them, ??? shoots him in the side, and the other slave hunters retreat.??? convinces George and the Quakers to bring ??? to the next settlement, where he can be healed.

George

Eliza

Loker

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Who died by being stabbed trying to break up a fight? 

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Tom’s ruthlessly evil master on the Louisiana plantation. A vicious, barbaric, and loathsome man, ??? fosters violence and hatred among his slaves.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A young and beautiful slave girl whom Legree buys for himself, perhaps to replace Cassy as his mistress. She has been raised as a pious Christian.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

 Legree’s (slave) mistress and Eliza’s mother, ??? proves a proud and intelligent woman and devises a clever way to escape Legree’s plantation.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

What does George Shelby have in his hand when he sees Tom die? 

Uncle Tom's Cabin

What do Emmeline and Cassy pretend to be to escape and cause a ruse? 

Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism separated the universe into two categories: 

Transcendentalism

An intuitive openness linked humanity to the truth in Nature and to the (   ) (   ) or the Oversoul. 

Transcendentalism

 (    ) (    )was the ultimate goal of the movement. 

Characteristics of Transcendentalism

4 parts

Self-reliance

Anti-authoritarian 

Democratic

Fundamentally Individualistic

Brook Farm (their experiment in communal living)

The Dial (the short lived journal of trancendental essays and poetry)

Transcendental Club (the name give to their periodic gatherings)

Henry David Thoreau

What state was he born in? 

Henry David Thoreau

What was his father's occupation? 

Henry David Thoreau

What college did he attend? 

Henry David Thoreau

Who did he live with after college/teaching? 

Henry David Thoreau

Why was he arrested? 

Henry David Thoreau

As he got older, Thoreau became more interested in recording natural observations. This interest, coupled with his descriptions in Walden, have lead to his canonization as the father of the American conservation and preservation (    )

Henry David Thoreau

"Resistance to Civil Government" 

"That government is (   ) which governs least"

Henry David Thoreau

"Resistance to Civil Government" 

Indeed, he says, men will someday be able to have a government that does not govern at all. As it is, government rarely proves useful or efficient. It is often "abused and perverted" so that it no longer represents the will of the people. The (    )-(    ) War illustrates this phenomenon.

Henry David Thoreau

"Resistance to Civil Government" 

People's obligations are to do what is:

Henry David Thoreau

"Resistance to Civil Government" 

Too much respect for law leads people to do many unjust things, as war illustrates: Soldiers become only a shadow of their humanity; the government shapes them into:

Henry David Thoreau

"Walden"

Where is the cabin located?