Global Warming

 Increase in the earth's adverage atmosphere temperature that causes changes in the climate and lead to green house effect 

Carbon Dioxide

A colorless, odorless, and imcombustible gas in the atmosphere 

Green House Effect

Heating the atmosphere b/c of carbon dioxide and other gases 

Green House Gases 

Gases that absorb solar radiations is responsible for green house effect 

Ex: Carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor 

Mantle 

 Hot liquid mantel beneath the Earth’s surface. 

Crust 

the outer layer of the Earth

Inner Core 

Inner core is a solid ball of mostly iron and nickel

Outer Core 

-Outer core is made up of super-heated liquid molten lava

-Lava is made of iron and nickel. 

Asthenosphere

The upper part of the Earth's mantle

Lithosphere 

outer part of the Earth containing of the crust and upper mantle

Convection Currents 

Magma inside Earth is warmer near the core giving it a low density which causes it to rise 

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Alfred Wagner 

First proposing the theory of Continental Drift 

Evidence

*Fit of the continents 

*Fossil Evidense 

*Rock type and structural similarities 

*Paleoclimatic Evidence 

Theory of Continental Drift 

continents were once joined together called pangaea but came apart 

Convergent Plate Boundaries 

where plates come together and one plate

dives beneath another along a subduction

zone

Divergent Plate Boundaries 

This is when the tectonic boundaries have two plates moving away from each other and a new crust is forming from magma that rises to the Earth's surface

Theory of Plate Tectonics  

Plates move due to convection currents moving outwards 

Earthquakes

A sudden and violent movement of the ground that is realeased in the Earth's crust 

Elastic Rebound Theory 

explanation for how energy is

spread during earthquakes

Earthquake energy 

Earthquake energy is when the rocks developing new cracks with the force of the Earth 

Locating an Earthquake 

Use the differencein arrival time of Pand S waves to find the hours when the EQ occured once they determind how war away they dra a circle around it al least three locations and find where the circles intersect  

Primary Waves 

They are fast waves that pushes and pull the rocks also they can travel through soilds and liquids 

Secondary Waves 

Travels sideways through materials and soilds but not liquids also know as transverse waves 

Surface Waves 

The motion of the waves are near the surface of the earth and there are two types of surface waves..

*Love Wave 

*Rayleigh Waves 

Seismographs

Measure the arrival of each wave and the size of the waves 

Epicenter 

Place on Earth's surface directly above focus 

Focus 

Place where the earthquake is centered underground 

Mercalli Scale 

*This scale is based on oberservation

*This scale uses the intensity or effect of the earthquake on Earth's surface 

Richter Scale 

magnitude (size) of an earthquake determined from data recorded by seismographs 

Earthquake Hazards 

*Ground Motion (shaking)

*Faulting and Ground Displacement 

*Aftershocks 

*Landslides 

*Fire 

*Tsunami 

*Flooding 

Volcanoes 

Majority of volcanoes occur near converging plate boundries 

Also can occur along diverging plate boundries 

Ring of Fire 

A area where large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean

Composite 

Composite volcano are also called stratovolcanos and formed when there is a vent within the earth that reaches down to the magma

Sheild 

Produced by hot spots which lay far away from the edges of tectonic plates. Shields also occur along the mid-oceanic ridge

Cinder Cone 

The volcano forms when ash and cinders pile up around the vent to form a circular or a oval cone

Volcano Hazards 

*Volcanic Earthquakes

*Directed Blast

*Tephra

*Volcanic Gases

*Lava Flows

*Debris Avalanches, Landslides, and Tsunamis

*Pyroclastic Surge

*Pyroclastic Flows

*Lahars

Troposphere 

-Almost all weather occurs here 

-Densest atmospheric layer 

-Cools as it increases in altitude 

-Extends about 11km above Earth's surface 

Stratosphere 

-Contains the ozone layer 

-Small amount of our weather ocures in this layer

-Temperature rises from bottom to top

Ozone Layer 

-Protects us from UV rays 

-Found primarily around 38km-45km above Earth's surface 

Mesosphere 

-Coolest layer of the atmosphere 

-Temperature decreases as altitude get higher 

-Shooting stars burn up in this layer 

Thermosphere 

-Highest layer in the atmosphere 

-molecules are very apart 

-Northern lights occur in this layer 

-About 80km above Earth's surface 480km thick

Ionosphere 

-Part of the thermosphere 

- Located at the lower ends of the temperature 

-Electrically charged ions are formed 

Water Cycle 

-Explains how water moves through our planet

-Water is continually recycled and redistributed

-Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, and runoff are the main stages

Forms of Precipitation 

*Rain 

*Snow

*Hail  

*Sleet

Humidity 

-the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere 

-The air's ability to hold water vapor changes as the temperature of the air changes 

Dew Point 

Temperature at which air with a given humidity will reach saturation when cooled without changing its pressure  

High Pressure

Highest pressure gets lower when it continues to come outwards 

(Winds flow clockwise and has a high pressure at the center of the northern hemisphere)

Low Pressure 

Lowest pressure is at it's lowest but then increase when rotating counterclockwise 

(Winds flow low in the northern hemisphere)

Isobars 

-Lines drawn on a weather map to connect points  of equal pressure 

-The closer the lines are then the wind becomes stronger and faster

Isotherms 

Measures the temperature depending where the lines are connected on a weather map 

Four Main Types of Air Masses

1. Continential Polar 

2. Marine Polar 

3. Continential Tropical 

4. Marine Topical 

Warm Front 

Mass of warm air moves towards and over a slow moving cold air masses 

Cold Front 

Cold air masses pushes under the slow moving warm air 

Stationary Front 

Cold air and warm air mass meet 

Stratus Clouds 

-Can produce light rain 

-Develop horizontally around 24km 

Cumulus Cloud 

-White and fluffy with a flat base 

-Develop vertically

-Mid-level clous

Cirrus Clouds 

Thin and wispy clouds formed from ice crystals 

Climate 

Climate is a prevailing weather condition of a region 

Weather 

 The atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain

3 Main Climate zones of the World 

-Polar zone

-Temperate zone  

-Tropical zone 

Biome 

Biome deals with plant and animal groups occupying a given geographical location. Also, defined by interactions of plants and animals climate, geology, soil types, water resources, and latitude.

Desert Biome 

Forest Biome 

The climate for Forest biome, in the summer average about 70 degrees fahrenheit and winters little below freezing . The average temperature is 50 degrees fahrenheit and the average rainfall is 30-60 inches (70-150 cm) per year.  

Grassland Biome 

The climate for grassland biome is dry. Grassland biome average temperature is 50-70 degrees fahrenheit and the average rainfall is  76.2-101.6 cm (30-40 inches).

Artic Tundra Biome

Arctic tundra biome climate is cold and only have two types of seasons, summer and winter. The average temperature is of Arctic tundra biome is less than 5. The average precipitation (in the form of snow) less than 100 mm per year.

Thunderstorm Ingredients 

*Needs Moisture 

*Not stable (instability)

*Lifting upwards 

Thunderstorm Life Stages 

1.Cumulus Stage 

2.Mature Stage 

3.Dissipating Stage 

Single Cell Thunderstorm 

Single cell storms typically do not produce severe weather

-usually last for 20-30 minutes. 

 Multi-Cell Thunderstorms 

 Super Cell Thunderstorm 

-Supercells attains a speeds over 100 miles per hour

-able to produce extremely large hail and strong and violent tornadoes and downdrafts

Squall Lines 

Squall lines can persist for many hours and produce damaging winds and hail

Lightning

*Negative charges builds up in the base of the cloud and positive charges collect near the top of the cloud

*The clouds sends out a stream of electrons (negative charges) to try and balance the charges

*The electrons attract to the positive charges on the surface of Earth, in the same cloud, or in another cloud

Tornado 

Fujita Scale

Used to classify tornadoes based on the damage that was done 

Tornado Alley

-Majority of tornadoes occur in the U.S

-Occur in the Tornado Alley 

-Cool dry air coming out of Canada mixes with warm air out of the Gulf of Mexico

Hurricane

*Hurricanes are larger and last longer than tornadoes and thunderstorms 

*Cyclones-in the Indian Ocean Region

*Typhoons-Western Pacific Region 

Saffir-Simpson Scale 

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Surface Observation Symbol

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Kinetic Energy

-Energy in motion 

-Bottom of a hill has the most kinetic energy 

Potential Energy 

-Stored energy

-Top of a hill has the most potential energy 

Formula for Calculating Kinectic Energy 

KE=(1/2)m*v2

2= square 

Potential Energy 

-Stored Energy

Formula for Calculating Potential Energy 

GPE=Mass(kg)xGravityxHeight 

gravity=9.8

Chemical Energy 

-Energy required to hold molecules of substances together and released when bonds are broked

Mechanical Energy 

Energy created by the movement/motion of an object 

Nuclear Energy 

Energy hold the nucleus of an atom together it's released when the the nucleus is split

Electomagnetic Energy 

-Energy may be emitted or reflected from objects 

-Forms of electrical or magnetic waves

Ex: Light 

Thermal Energy

Energy generated by motion of atoms in an object which creates heat 

Energy Transformation 

When one form of energy is converted into another form

Law of Conservation of Energy 

Fossil Fuels (Formation)

Fossil fules are energy rich substancs formed from the remains of once living organisms 

Sources of Fossil Fuels 

Sources of Fossil Fuels 

Primary Uses 

Coal- to cook food

Oil- gas for cars and food 

Natural Energy- stove because it comes from a gas company and sends gas to every house.

 Coal 

-Made from solid and plant remains 

Oil 

-Thick, black, liquid fossil fuel 

-Formed from remains of small animals, algae, and protists

-Petroleum is another name for oil

Natural Gases 

-Mixture of Methane and other gases 

-Forms from the organisms as petroleum

-Smell added to alert leaks and prevent explotions 

Alternative Energy 

Solar Energy 

-Capturing sunlight using solar cells to produce electricity or heat homes 

-Source of energy will be available as long we have sun 

 Wind Energy 

-Large turbines are plaved in fields and rotation is to create electricity 

 Geothermal Energy 

Heat from the Earth can be used to heat water and generate electricity 

Hydroelectric Energy 

-Use dammed water to generate electricity by using power generated from flowing 

Biomass Energy

-Organic material which can be burned and used as a source of fuel 

-Wood is a main source

Tidal Energy 

-Using tides along the coast to generate electricity 

Renewable Energy 

-Sources of energy which are easily reproduced 

-Used over again without running out 

-Cleaner source of energy 

Nonreweable Energy 

-Energy which is taken from a source that a available onthe earth is limited quanity 

-Cannot re-generate in a short period of time 

Electrons 

-Located at the outer edges of atoms and they can move 

-Electrons together in an atoms creates a net of negative charges 

-Electrons took apart then the atom is postive charged

Static Electricity 

-Charge builds up but does not flow 

-Potential energy 

 Static Charge 

Builds up of electric charge on the surface of an object

Conductors

-Electrons can move easily through substances 

-Low resistance 

Insulators 

-The electrons cannot move through substances 

-High resistance

Volt 

electric potential between two points

of a conductor carrying a constant

current

Resistance

-Caused by internal friction

-Slows the movement of charge through a conductor

-Resistance (Ohm's) 

Current Electricity 

Flow or fast that electrical charges through a conductor 

Ohm's Law

VI=Voltage 

V/R=Current

V/I=Resistance 

Formula for Calculating Resistance 

V/I= Resistance 

Formula for Calculator Current

V/R= Current

Formula for Calculating Voltage 

RI=Voltage

Series Circuit

-One single pathway

-Current is the same in all devices 

-Resistance and voltage can be different 

Parallel Circuit

-More than one path way to follow 

-Voltage is the same in all devices 

-Current does not have to be the same